Table 3.
Significant DEGs in retained compared with control placentas
| Gene | Location | Type | Expression | Protein name | Molecular functions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARHGEF26 | 3q25.2 | Protein | Decreased | Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 26 | Activates RhoG and plays a role in promoting micropinocytosis |
| CCDC68 | 18q21.2 | Protein | Decreased | Coiled-coil domain containing protein 68 | Involved in microtubule anchoring at centrosome and protein localization |
| CD22 | 19q13.12 | Protein | Increased | B cell receptor CD22 | Involved in B cell activation, negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling. and regulation of endocytosis |
| CFP | Xp11.23 | Protein | Increased | Properdin | Positively regulates the alternative complement pathway, stabilizes C3- and C5-convertase enzyme, leading to membrane attack complex formation and cell lysis |
| DOK6 | 18q22.2 | Protein | Decreased | Docking protein 6 | Member of DOK family of intracellular adaptors that play a role in the RET signaling cascade |
| FPR3 | 19q13.41 | Protein | Increased | N-formyl peptide receptor 3 | Predicted to enable N-formyl peptide receptor activity, complement receptor activity, and positive regulation of cytosolic calcium concentration |
| GGT5 | 22q11.23 | Protein | Increased | Glutathione hydrolase 5 proenzyme | Encoded enzyme converts leukotriene C4 to leukotriene D4 |
| GRAMD1C | 3q13.31 | Protein | Decreased | Protein Aster-C | Predicted to enable cholesterol binding and transfer activity as well as cellular response to cholesterol |
| GRB14 | 2q24.3 | Protein | Decreased | Growth factor receptor–bound protein 14 | Encoded protein is a growth factor receptor–binding protein that interacts with insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors likely with an inhibitory effect |
| HK3 | 5q35.2 | Protein | Increased | Hexokinase-3 | Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate; hexokinase-3 may enhance myeloid cell survival by nonglycolytic functions |
| IER5L | 9q34.11 | Protein | Increased | Immediate early response gene 5–like protein | May modulate cell proliferation |
| ITGAD | 16p11.2 | Protein | Increased | Integrin α-D | Belongs to the β2 integrin family of membrane glycoproteins encoding the α subunit of the cell surface heterodimer involved in activation and adhesion functions of leukocytes |
| LDB2 | 4p15.32 | Protein | Decreased | LIM domain–binding protein 2 | Functions as adapter molecules to allow assembly of transcriptional regulatory complexes |
| LFNG | 7p22.3 | Protein | Increased | β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe | Leads to elongation of O-linked fucose residues on Notch, altering Notch signaling |
| LRCH2 | Xq23 | Protein | Decreased | Leucine-rich repeat and calponin homology domain containing protein 2 | Functions as a cytoskeletal scaffolding protein and has a domain that mediates interactions with actin filaments |
| LRRC36 | 16q22.1 | Protein | Decreased | Leucine rich repeat–containing protein 36 | Unknown |
| MUC5B | 11p15.5 | Protein | Increased | Mucin-5B | Encodes a member of the mucin family and is the major gel-forming mucin in mucus |
| MXRA5 | Xp22.33 | Protein | Decreased | Matrix-remodeling-associated protein 5 | Encodes one of the matrix-remodeling-associated proteins and contains immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains related to perlecan |
| MYBPC1 | 12q23.2 | Protein | Increased | Myosin-binding protein C, slow type | Plays an important role in muscle contraction by recruiting muscle-type creatine kinase to myosin filaments |
| NDC80 | 18p11.32 | Protein | Decreased | Kinetochore protein NDC80 homolog | Encodes a component of the kinetochore complex and functions to organize and stabilize microtubule–kinetochore interactions |
| PALMD | 1p21.2 | Protein | Decreased | Palmdelphin | Predicted to be involved in regulation of cell shape and active in cytoplasm |
| PKDCC | 2p21 | Protein | Increased | Extracellular tyrosine protein kinase | Enables nonmembrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity and is located in the extracellular region |
| PLAUR | 19q13.31 | Protein | Increased | Urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor | Encodes the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator and likely influences processes related to cell surface plasminogen activation and localized degradation of the extracellular matrix |
| RELT | 11q13.4 | Protein | Increased | Receptor expressed in lymphoid tissue/TNF receptor superfamily member 19L | Encodes a member of the TNF receptor superfamily and may play a role in regulating immune response by stimulating T cell proliferation in the presence of CD3 signaling |
| SIGLEC5 | 19q13.41 | Protein | Increased | Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 5 | Encoded protein inhibits the activation of several immune cell types, and binding of GBS to this protein plays a role in GBS immune evasion |
| SIRPB1 | 20p13 | Protein | Increased | Signal-regulatory protein β-1 | Receptor-type transmembrane glycoproteins involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase–coupled signaling |
| SLC4A1 | 17q21.31 | Protein | Decreased | Band 3 anion transport protein | Functions as a chloride/bicarbonate exchanger involved in carbon dioxide transport |
| SNORD114-7 | 14q32.31 | snoRNA | Decreased | n/a | Unknown |
| TMEM100 | 17q22 | Protein | Decreased | Transmembrane protein 100 | Involved in BMP signaling pathway and may play a role in the development of inflammation |
| TMEM178A | 2p22.1 | Protein | Decreased | Transmembrane protein 178A | Predicted to be involved in regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration |
| TP63 | 3q28 | Protein | Decreased | Tumor protein 63 | Encodes a member of the p53 family of transcription factors |
| VAV1 | 19p13.3 | Protein | Increased | Proto-oncogene VAV | Guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho family GTPases that activate pathways leading to actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and plays a role in T cell and B cell development and activation |
| VIPR2 | 7p36.3 | Protein | Increased | Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 2 | Encodes a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide, which is involved in smooth muscle relaxation, exocrine and endocrine secretion, and water and ion flux |
| ZGRF1 | 4q25 | Protein | Decreased | Protein ZGRF1 | May function in DNA binding through the GRF zinc finger domain |
An alphabetical list of 34 significant DEGs shared between human and NHP samples is shown. Gene and protein information were obtained manually from the National Center for Biotechnology Information gene database and UniProt Knowledgebase database, respectively.