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. 2025 Aug 12;19:1639864. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1639864

Figure 4.

Graph A shows a scatter plot of median error at θ = ±15° versus bias at θ = ±35°, with red and blue dots for left and right data. A dashed regression line and shaded 95% confidence band indicate a strong positive correlation: higher bias corresponds to higher error. Graph B shows box plots of error at ±15° for two groups-low bias (b < -0.5) and high bias (b > 0.5)-with significantly lower error in the low bias group. Graph C shows the same comparison for error at ±35°, where no clear difference between groups is observed.

To determine whether subjects who use the frame's diagonal while searching for the vertical are more accurate, we calculated the bias function b(θ) at θ = 35° where such a cue is visually salient and the error E(θ) at θ = 15° where the group-averaged error curve reaches maximum. Similarly, the calculations were repeated for the corresponding negative tilt angles. The points in (A) represent such pairs. The labels were drawn next to the data points corresponding to the case studies presented in Figure 2. (B) shows the distribution of errors for low-bias cases (b ≤ −0.5, indicating reliance on the diagonal cue) and high-bias cases (b ≥0.5, indicating reliance on the edge cue). (C) shows the error made by the groups shown in (B) at θ = 35°.