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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1475098. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1475098

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for select demographic and injury variables by family functioning group.

Demographic and Injury variables Group 1
NIC
HFF
Group 2
NIC
UnHFF
Group 3
MTBI
HFF
Group 4
MTBI
UnHFF
Group 5
STBI
HFF
Group 6
STBI
UnHFF
M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD
Age (years)1 47.7a 9.3 45.8 10.9 43.3 8.8 43.5 9.0 40.9a 8.8 43.9 10.8
Education (years) 16.7abc 2.2 16.1 2.5 15.8 2.2 15.3a 2.3 15.0b 2.3 15.1c 2.1
Time since injury (months) 14.2 5.8 13.9 5.6 12.7 4.7 13.5 5.3
PCLC Subtotal (raw score) 13.1a 6.0 15.9b 6.7 15.3c 6.5 20.2abcde 7.9 13.6d 5.9 16.4e 6.5
% % % % % %
Gender: Male 94.1 92.9 94.3 95.0 98.3 94.0
Ethnicity: White 64.5ab 72.0 85.9a 78.8 92.2b 78.3

N = 359 (Group 1 = 34, Group 2 = 28, Group 3 = 88, Group 4 = 101, Group 5 = 58, Group 6 = 50). abcdSame subscript denotes significant differences. PCLC, post-traumatic stress disorder checklist; NIC, non-injured controls; MTBI, uncomplicated mild TBI; STBI, combines severe TBI, moderate TBI, and complicated mild TBI. HFF, Healthy Family Functioning; UnHFF, Unhealthy Family Functioning; PCLC Subtotal, sum of PCLC items 1–7, 16, and 17.