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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Educ Behav Stat. 2024 Jun 18;50(3):497–525. doi: 10.3102/10769986241256030

Table 4.

Average Relative Bias and Absolute Bias of Intertrait Correlation Estimates and Standard Errors in Simulated Data with 5 Traits

Estimation method Keyed direction Estimate SE

Relative bias RMSE Percent inestimable (%) Relative bias RMSE

QMCEM Same −.87 .20 0 .18 .01
Mixed −.47 .12 0 .20 .01
MHRM Same −.04 .04 10 −.26 .01
Mixed .01 .03 15 .17 .02