Table 1.

Baseline Patient and Provider Characteristics

Characteristic, %	Bedside Stapler N = 3740	Robotic Stapler N = 15,152	p-value
Age category			<0.001
<40	37.3	42.8
40 – 54	39.2	38.5
55 - 64	15.0	13.6
65+	8.6	5.1
Female sex	80.9	81.0	0.892
Race and ethnicity			<0.001
Non-Hispanic White	55.7	47.5
Non-Hispanic Black	23.6	20.3
Hispanic	8.1	18.1
Other/unknown	12.7	14.2
Payer			<0.001
Medicare	17.0	12.0
Medicaid	18.8	27.5
Private/commercial	55.1	53.6
Others	9.1	6.9
Primary diagnosis of obesity (ICD-10 DX: E66.01)	97.7	98.0	0.158
Charlson Comorbidity Index score			<0.001
0 - 2	92.2	93.9
3+	7.8	6.1
APR-DRG severity score			<0.001
Minor	65.4	81.9
Moderate/major/extreme	34.7	18.1
Provider region			<0.001
Northeast	17.0	38.7
Midwest	13.1	13.8
South	48.0	38.7
West	22.0	8.9
Provider setting			<0.001
Urban	2.2	3.5
Rural	97.8	96.5
Provider bed size			<0.001
<300	36.1	45.5
300 – 499	8.1	25.6
500+	55.9	28.9
Teaching hospital	43.5	60.0	<0.001
Hospital bariatric procedure volume			<0.001
Low ≤ 75th percentile	20.3	37.0
High > 75th percentile	79.7	63.0
Surgeon bariatric procedure volume			0.001
Low ≤ 75th percentile	17.4	20.7
High > 75th percentile	82.7	79.3

Note: p-value ≤ 0.05 demonstrated statistical significance are in bold.

Abbreviation: APR-DRG, All Patient Refined-Diagnosis Related Group.