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. 2025 Aug 22;18:11509–11520. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S524259

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants

Characteristic Overall (n = 511) Survive (n = 426) Death (n = 85) P value
Age, year (mean±SD) 89.9±8.5 90.1±8.2 89.2±9.7 0.381
Gender, n (%)
 Female 15 (2.9) 11 (2.6) 4 (4.7) 0.479
 Male 496 (97.1) 415 (97.4) 81 (95.3)
Department, n (%)
 Internal medicine 460 (90.0) 384 (90.1) 76 (89.4) 0.995
 Surgery medicine 51 (10.0) 42 (9.9) 9 (10.6)
Smoking, n (%)
 No 313 (61.3) 262 (61.5) 51 (60.0) 0.891
 Yes 198 (38.7) 164 (38.5) 34 (40.0)
Diabetes, n (%)
 No 293 (57.3) 251 (58.9) 42 (49.4) 0.134
 Yes 218 (42.7) 175 (41.1) 43 (50.6)
Hypertension, n (%)
 No 123 (24.1) 103 (24.2) 20 (23.5) 0.997
 Yes 388 (75.9) 323 (75.8) 65 (76.5)
Coronary disease, n (%)
 No 242 (47.4) 201 (47.2) 41 (48.2) 0.953
 Yes 269 (52.6) 225 (52.8) 44 (51.8)
Number of operations, n (%)
 0 332 (65.0) 271 (63.6) 61 (71.8) 0.175
 1 111 (21.7) 99 (23.2) 12 (14.1)
 ≥2 68 (13.3) 56 (13.1) 12 (14.1)
ICU, n (%)
 No 432 (84.5) 360 (84.5) 72 (84.7) 0.998
 Yes 79 (15.5) 66 (15.5) 13 (15.3)
Dialysis, n (%)
 No 492 (96.3) 411 (96.5) 81 (95.3) 0.831
 Yes 19 (3.7) 15 (3.5) 4 (4.7)
Days of ventilator, n (%)
 0 251 (49.1) 228 (53.5) 23 (27.1) <0.001
 1-30 58 (11.4) 22 (5.2) 36 (42.4)
 31-90 106 (20.7) 81 (19.0) 25 (29.4)
 >90 96 (18.8) 95 (22.3) 1 (1.2)
Days of central venous catheter, n (%)
 0 83 (16.2) 74 (17.4) 9 (10.6) <0.001
 1-60 127 (24.9) 79 (18.5) 48 (56.5)
 61-90 137 (26.8) 116 (27.2) 21 (24.7)
 >90 164 (32.1) 157 (36.9) 7 (8.2)
Days of urinary catheter, n (%)
 0 189 (37.0) 163 (38.3) 26 (30.6) <0.001
 1-60 97 (19.0) 57 (13.4) 40 (47.1)
 61-90 89 (17.4) 75 (17.6) 14 (16.5)
 >90 136 (26.6) 131 (30.8) 5 (5.9)
Chemotherapy or radiotherapy, n (%)
 No 458 (89.6) 388 (91.1) 70 (82.4) 0.027
 Yes 53 (10.4) 38 (8.9) 15 (17.6)
Blood transfusion, n (%)
 No 311 (60.9) 264 (62.0) 47 (55.3) 0.303
 Yes 200 (39.1) 162 (38.0) 38 (44.7)
Combination of antibacterial drug, n (%)
 No 71 (13.9) 67 (15.7) 4 (4.7) 0.012
 Yes 440 (86.1) 359 (84.3) 81 (95.3)
Length of hospital stay (median [IQR]) 90.0 (65.4, 96.0) 91.0 (82.1, 98.0) 56.4 (34.2, 78.1) <0.001

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; SD, Standard Deviation; ICU, Intensive Care Unit.