Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population by Chronic Pain Status (n = 2532)

Variables	With Chronic Pain (n = 396)	Without Chronic Pain (n = 2196)	Standardized Mean Differences	P
Sociodemographic
Chronological age (years)	62.02 ± 9.50	63.84 ± 10.33	0.192	0.014
Sex (%)				0.170
Female	56.9	52.5	0.089
Male	43.1	47.5	−0.089
Race (%)				0.265
Mexican American	5.2	5.9	−0.032
Non-Hispanic Black	12.2	12.2	0
Non-Hispanic White	71.4	66.5	0.108
Other	11.2	15.4	−0.133
Education level (%)				0.297
College graduate	17.4	22.3	−0.129
High school graduate	24.9	25.7	−0.018
Less than high school	32.1	30.2	0.040
Some college	25.6	21.8	0.087
Marital status (%)				0.585
Married	63.8	65.4	−0.033
Other	36.2	34.6	0.033
PIR (%)				0.008
< 1	18.0	12.8	0.134
≥ 1	82.0	87.2	−0.134
Drug uses
Analgesics (%)	45.9	32.9	0.269	< 0.001
Antidepressants (%)	18.0	9.0	0.265	< 0.001
Comorbidities
Hypertension (%)	50.6	43.4	0.144	0.049
Diabetes (%)	16.5	13.1	0.091	0.154
Heart disease (%)	22.7	14.5	0.195	0.021
Cancer (%)	14.9	15.3	−0.011	0.889
Asthma (%)	14.5	11.2	0.093	0.081
Arthritis (%)	64.3	34.2	0.629	< 0.001
Lifestyle behaviors
BMI (%)				< 0.001
Normal	21.1	29.8	−0.213
Obese	47.7	30.0	0.355
Overweight	29.4	39.4	−0.218
Underweight	1.8	0.8	0.070
Physical activity (%)				0.004
No	56.7	46.4	0.208
Insufficient	7.1	5.3	0.072
Sufficient	36.2	48.3	−0.252
Smoking status (%)				0.006
Never	36.3	46.3	−0.207
Current smoker	24.8	15.2	0.222
Former smoker	38.9	38.5	0.008
Alcohol consumption (%)				0.385
Drinker	62.0	65.0	−0.062
Non-drinker	38.0	35.0	0.062

Abbreviations: PIR, the ratio of family income to poverty; BMI, body mass index.