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. 2025 Aug 13;17:1645962. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1645962

Table 2.

Quantitative pooling results for static balance.

Outcomes n of included results Results Subgroup analysis, p Sensitivity analysis
SMD (95% CI) p I2 (p for I2) Stimulus location Duration of intervention Type of task
APSIstatic 9 −4.532
(−5.262, −3.801)
<0.001 51.1%
(0.038)
C: <0.001
M1: <0.001
I: <0.001
LT: <0.001
NA Stable
MLSIstatic 9 −3.520
(−4.350, −2.690)
<0.001 73.7%
(<0.001)
C: <0.001
M1: <0.001
I: <0.001
LT: <0.001
NA Stable
OSIstatic 9 −3.327
(−4.819, −1.834)
<0.001 92.4%
(<0.001)
C: 0.012
M1: <0.001
I: 0.058
LT: <0.001
NA Stable
OLST 6 0.648
(0.203, 1.093)
0.004 53.2%
(0.058)
C: <0.001
M1: 0.242
I: 0.05
LT: 0.008
NA Stable
COP sway area 8 −0.663
(−1.308, −0.019)
0.044 94.9%
(<0.001)
DLPFC: 0.047
M1: 0.172
DLPFC+M1: 0.639
NA ST: 0.506
DT: 0.06
Unstable
COP path length 4 −0.924
(−1.757, −0.091)
0.03 79.6%
(0.002)
C: 0.046
M1: 0.357
NA NA Unstable
COP sway velocity 6 −0.177
(−0.371 ~ 0.16)
0.073 39.6%
(0.142)
DLPFC: 0.051
M1: 0.841
DLPFC+M1: 0.213
NA ST: 0.347
DT: 0.217
Unstable

APSI, anterior–posterior stability index; MLSI, medial–lateral stability index; OSI, overall stability index; OLST, one-leg standing time; COP, center of pressure; C, cerebellum; M1, motor cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; I, immediate; LT, long term; ST, single task; DT, dual task; NA, not applicable. Bold values denote statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).