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. 2025 Aug 13;19:1641801. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1641801

TABLE 1.

Demographic characteristics of the two cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) groups (Active, Sham), and statistical comparison testing for baseline group differences across three demographic characteristics.

Demographic variable CES group Testing for baseline differences
Active (M, SD) Sham (M, SD) Wilcoxon rank-sum test outcome
Age (years) 20.95 (2.94) 23.36 (5.82) W = 216, p = 0.31
Education (years) 13.95 (1.43) 14.6 (3.04) W = 264, p = 0.98
STAI-T 33.71 (10.75) 29.52 (7.28) W = 328.5, p = 0.15
Sex 6 female, 15 male 11 female, 14 male
Handedness 20 right, 1 left 20 right, 5 left
Military or civilian 13 military, 8 civilian 15 military, 10 civilian
Race 7 white, 1 black, 10 Hispanic, 3 Asian, 0 other 16 white, 1 black, 3 Hispanic, 2 Asian, 3 other