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. 2025 Aug 11;12(8):862. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering12080862
N Number of observations (or number of pairs for hypothesis tests)
tmean Mean thickness of the beam in the direction of loading
wmean Mean width of the beam
ltest Testing length
ACS Cross-sectional area
V Volume
Imid Moment of inertia in mid-span
ρapp Apparent density
E Elastic modulus
f Strength
ε Strain
U Strain energy density
   con Index for conventional determination of strain
   opt Index for optical determination of strain
   y Index for yield point (0.2% plastic strain)
   u Index for ultimate point
   b Index for fracture point