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. 2025 Aug 17;13(8):266. doi: 10.3390/diseases13080266

Table 4.

Regression analysis results.

Outcome Predictors Standardized β p-Value
Total HADS
Score (COPD)		 ≥1 Comorbidity 0.43 <0.001
Total HADS
Score (COPD)		 Presence of Respiratory Symptoms 0.49 <0.001
Total HADS
Score (Non-COPD)		 No significant predictors - >0.05

Model fit for COPD group: R2 = 0.43, F(12, 237) = 15.41, p < 0.001.