| HR | heart rate |
| HCN | hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated |
| cAMP | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| AF | atrial fibrillation |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass grafting |
| eNOS | endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
| mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| VCAM-1 | cytokine vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 |
| MCP-1 | monocyte chemotactic protein-1 |
| NADP | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| LV | left ventricle |
| LVEF | left ventricular ejection fraction |
| NYHA | New York Heart Association |
| LCOS | low cardiac output syndrome |
| POAF | postoperative atrial fibrillation |
| ICU | intensive care unit |
| PNS | peripheral nervous system |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| DRG | dorsal root ganglion |