Table 10.

Comparative analysis of scalable PIM fabrication techniques.

Technique	Fiber Size/Porosity	Throughput	Energy Demand	Solvent Required	Industrial Potential	Ref.
NIPS	5–50 µm/up to 70%	High	Moderate	Yes	Commercially established	[30,35,114,115]
Electrospinning	100–500 nm	Medium	High	Yes	Pilot to industrial	[30,116]
MEW	1–10 µm	Low–Medium	High	No	Emerging/R&D	[29]