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Mechanisms of anti-PEG antibody generation. The thymus-dependent response involves antigen processing by B cells and interaction with follicular helper T (TFH) cells, leading to IgG production. In contrast, thymus-independent responses are initiated by multivalent PEG structures that directly activate marginal zone (MZ) B cells, typically resulting in IgM (±IgG2) secretion. Created by the authors.
