| AKG | α-Ketoglutarate |
| TCA | Tricarboxylic acid |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| MMP | Mitochondrial membrane potential |
| SOD | Superoxide Dismutase |
| MDA | Malondialdehyde |
| PCO | Protein carbonyl |
| TBST | Tris-Buffered Saline with Tween® 20 |
| CCK-8 | Cell Viability Assay |
| OCR | Oxygen Consumption Rate |
| SA-β-Gal | Senescence-associated β-galactosidase |
| D-gal | D-galactose |
| MWM | Morris Water Maze |
| HE | Hematoxylin and eosin |
| DIA | Data-Independent Acquisition |
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