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. 2025 Aug 19;17(8):1071. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17081071
TiO2 Titanium dioxide
ROS Reactive oxygen species
PDT Photodynamic therapy
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
UV Ultraviolet
PS Photosensitizer
PSES Photosensitizer excited state
PSET Photosensitizer excited triplet
WHO World Health Organization
TMZ Temozolomide
BBB Blood–brain barrier
ZnPc Zinc Phthalocyanine
FA Folic acid
DPBF 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
HR-TEM High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
XRD X-ray diffraction
TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
VIS Visible
EDS Energy-dispersive spectroscopy
MTT Tetrazolium bromide
FBS Fetal bovine serum
DMEM Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle
HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital
LUMO Less unoccupied molecular orbital
Eg Bandgap energy
BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method
BJH Barrett–Joyner–Halenda method