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. 2025 Aug 14;16:1597928. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1597928

Figure 2.

Image composed of three parts: (A) Radar chart comparing cognitive domains among control (blue), AE (red), and TLE (green) groups, showing performance across executive, processing, attention, recognition, memory, learning, visuospatial, and language domains. (B) Stacked bar chart depicting severity of cognitive impairment in AE and TLE patients, with categories normal, mild, moderate, and severe. (C) Bar chart comparing proportions of patients experiencing depression, anxiety, and insomnia between control, AE, and TLE groups, with significant differences marked by asterisks.

Cognitive, psychiatric and sleep disturbances in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE), temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). (A) Distribution of patients with abnormal cognitive performance among AE, TLE and normal subjects. The data are mean proportions of patients with abnormal scores in each cognitive domain. The abnormal scores were defined as z ≤ −1.5. (B) The spectrum of the cognitive impairment severity in patients with AE and TLE. The data are the proportions of patients with different severity categories in two groups. (C) Psychiatric co-morbidities and insomnia profiles of patients with AE, TLE, and control subjects. The data are the proportions of patients. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; Fisher exact tests.