Table 1.

Altered gut microbial compositions associated with CVDs in human and animal studies

Species	Disease	Sample size	Technique	Altered gut microbial abundance		References
				Increase	Decrease
Human	Symptomatic atherosclerosis	12 symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques, 13 controls	Metagenomic sequencing	Collinsella	Roseburia and Eubacterium	Karlsson et al.13
Human	Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease	218 atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD), 187 controls	Metagenomic sequencing	Streptococcus and Escherichia	Bacteroides and Prevotella	Jie et al.18
Human	Coronary artery disease	15 CAD, 5 controls	16S sequencing	Prevotella	Clostridium and Faecalibacterium	Gózd-Barszczewska et al.39
Human	Hypertension	56 pre-hypertension, 99 primary hypertension, 41 controls	Metagenomic sequencing	Prevotella and Klebsiella		Li et al.15
Human	Hypertension	60 primary hypertension, 60 controls	Metagenomic sequencing	Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Parabacteroides merdae	Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Yan et al.35
Human	Heart failure	20 HF, 20 controls	16S sequencing		Blautia, Collinsella, uncl. Erysipelotrichaceae and uncl. Ruminococcaceae	Luedde et al.40
Human	Chronic heart failure	60 mild CHF, 30 moderate to severe CHF, 20 controls	Incubation using a selective agar	Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Candida species		Luedde et al.40
Human	Chronic heart failure	53 CHF, 41 controls	Metagenomic sequencing	Ruminococcus gnavus	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Cui et al.36
Human	Atrial fibrillation	50 atrial fibrillation, 50 controls	Metagenomic sequencing	Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus	Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, Oscillibacter, and Bilophila	Zuo et al.41
Human	Chronic Heart Failure	22 CHF, 22 controls	Multicolor FISH analysis	Bacteroides/Prevotella, Eubacterium rectale, Fusobacterium prausnitzii (Fprau)		Sandek et al.42
Human	Heart failure	84 HFrEF (40 discovery, and 44 validation), 266 controls	16S sequencing	Uncultured bacterium, Prevotella, Hungatella, and Succiniclasticum	Lachnospiraceae family, Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium	Kummen et al.43
Human	Cardiovascular disease	76 type 2 diabetes and risk factors for CVDs	16S sequencing	Roseburia, Eubacterium, and Faecalibacterium	Escherichia, Shigella, Bilophila, and Hungatella	Deng et al.44
Human	Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction	26 HFpEF, 67 controls	16S sequencing	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes	bacteria producing-SCFAs, particularly Ruminococcus	Beale et al.45
Human	Hypertension	6953	Metagenomic sequencing	Firmicutes phylum change		Palmu et al.46
Human	Hypertension	183 hypertension, 346 controls	16S sequencing	Catabacter, Veillonella, Clostridium, Oscillibacter, Robinsoniella	Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Anaerovorax, Sporobacter, Asaccharobacter	Palmu et al.47
Human	Atherosclerosis	226 atherosclerosis, 184 controls	Metagenomic sequencing	Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus salivarius, Solobacterium moorei, and Atopobium parvulum	Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Eubacterium eligens, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Roseburia intestinalis	Liu et al.34
Human	Coronary artery disease	70 coronary artery disease, 98 controls	16S sequencing	Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus	Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, Roseburia, and Eubacterium rectale	Zhu et al.37
Human	Non-ischemic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction	28 non-ischemic HFrEF, 19 controls	16S sequencing	Streptococcus and Veillonella	SMB53	Katsimichas et al.48
Human	Heart failure	12 HF, 12 controls	16S sequencing		Eubacterium rectale and Dorea longicatena	Kamo et al.49
Human	Heart failure	12 HF < 60 years, 10 HF > 60 years	16S sequencing	Proteobacteria, Lactobacillus	Bacteroidetes, Faecalibacterium	Kamo et al.49
Rabbits	Metabolic syndrome	12 high-fructose high-fat diet (HFFD)-induced MetS, 9 controls	16S sequencing	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio		Moughaizel et al.50
Rats	Hypertensive heart failure	8 hypertensive heart failure (HHF) dahl salt-sensitive rat model, 8 controls	16S sequencing	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes	Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacillaceae	Li et al.51
Rats	Hypertension	7-8 per group SD rat	16S sequencing		Verrucomicrobia phyla, Akkermansia genus	Hsu et al.52
Rats	Hypertension	10 HSD, 10 controls	16S sequencing	Erwinia genus, Christensenellaceae and Corynebacteriaceae families	Anaerostipes genus	Bier et al.53
Mice	Atherosclerosis	342 transgenes atherosclerotic mice	16S sequencing		Roseburia sp.	Kasahara et al.54
Mice	Heart failure	14 Thoracic aortic constriction (TAC) surgery, 8 controls	16S sequencing	Helicobacter, Rikenellaceae, Colidextribacter, and Lactobacillus	Prevotellaceae, Muribaculum, and Rikenella	Bao et al.55
Mice	Atherosclerosis	pro-atherogenic LDLr −/− ApoB100/100 mice either a low-fat/high-sucrose (LFHS) or a high-fat/low-sucrose (HFLS) diet	16S sequencing		Lachnospiraceae, Rumino_Ruminococcus, Ruminococcaceae, Dorea, Oscillospira, Clostridiales, Coprococcus in LFHS-fed mice	Perazza et al.56