Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 29.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Access. 2025 May 1;13:84038–84056. doi: 10.1109/access.2025.3566286

TABLE 5.

Participants in the main study.

PID Age Gender Visual Impairment TBLV Expertise Experience with DATS
Description Onset Residual Braille TMs LLMs
P11 39 F ROP [46] birth 20/200 No High Low Low No
P12 68 M Glaucoma birth Yes Yes Mid Low Mid Yes
P13 52 M RP [47] age 7 LP&FP No None Mid High Yes
P14 63 F Blindness age 1 No No High Mid None Yes
P15 78 M Blindness birth No Yes High Mid None Yes
P16 43 F Uveitis [48] age 5 No No None Mid High Yes
P17 N/A F Genetic mutation birth LP No Low Mid None No
P18 30 F ROP birth LP&FP No High Low None No
P19 56 F LCA [39] birth LP No High High High Yes
P20 76 F ROP birth LP&FP Yes High Mid None Yes

LP: light perception, FP: form perception, TBLV: teacher of BLV students, TM: tactile map, DATS: digitally augmented tactile supports.