Table 2.

Ventilation modification strategies to enhance natural ventilation.

Strategy	Anticipated cost	Requires structural modifications	Requires behavioral inputs	Requires electricity	Other considerations
Cross ventilation via open windows/doors	$–$$	+/–	+	–	• May be difficult to employ continuously because of temperature, climate, or security concerns. • May not keep out insects or vermin unless combined with screens. • Most effective when windows or doors are on opposite walls and on windward/leeward sides of the building.
Louvered windows/doors	$$	+	+/–	–	• Can usually be left open during rain. • Can be engineered to prevent full closure. • May not keep out insects or vermin unless combined with screens. • Provides less ventilation than a fully open window/door.
Honeycomb bricks/vents	$$	+	–	–	• Can also produce an added cooling effect when placed near the top of the space via stack effect. • May not keep out insects or vermin unless combined with screens.
Wind turbines/wind tower	$$$	+	–	–	• Requires constant breeze to be effective.
Chimney/stack tower	$$$$	+	–	–	• Dependent on temperature differential, can be augmented with solar atria. • Many possible configurations.
Exhaust fans	$$$	–	–	+	• Requires ‘sealing’ of the space to obtain significant air draw. • Can be used to create negative pressure and ensure outward flow of air.