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. 2025 Aug 28;3(1):47. doi: 10.1038/s44264-025-00090-0

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2025

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Fig. 2 — a Spatial distribution of field studies included in the meta-analysis; b Effects of tillage practices on SOC at a depth of 0–30 cm; c effects of tillage practices on nitrate leaching; d Effect size of tillage impacts on SOC; e Effect size of tillage impacts on nitrate leaching (NO3- - N). NT-IT and NT-HT refer to the difference between NT and IT, and NT and HT, respectively. Colored dots represent the mean difference, with error bars representing the 95% confidence interval. The numbers below the dots refer to the number of paired observations.