. 2025 Aug 28;15:31777. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-17622-w

Table 3.

Results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) used to test influence of group (control vs. former Salsigne mining area in the Orbiel Valley) on hair levels of metal(loid)s taking into account the age, sex and body mass of dogs sampled in France.

Dependent variable	Independent variable/Covariate	F(df)	p	R²_adj	β	ω²
As	Model	1.84 (4,42)	0.139	0.068
	Group (C)	4.23 (1)	0.046		− 0.041	0.064
	Age	1.36 (1)	0.249		− 0.007	0.007
	Sex (M)	0.252 (1)	0.618		0.010	− 0.015
	Body mass	1.28 (1)	0.265		− 0.002	0.005
Ca	Model	1.71 (4,42)	0.165	0.058
	Group (C)	0.25 (1)	0.875		0.042	− 0.020
	Age	0.939 (1)	0.338		− 0.072	− 0.001
	Sex (M)	0.615 (1)	0.437		0.206	− 0.008
	Body mass	4.64 (1)	0.037		0.045	0.073
Cu	Model	3.41 (4,42)	0.017	0.173
	Group (C)	0.648 (1)	0.425		0.020	− 0.006
	Age	0.063 (1)	0.803		0.002	− 0.017
	Sex (M)	0.056 (1)	0.815		0.006	− 0.017
	Body mass	12.1 (1)	0.001		− 0.007	0.196
Hg	Model	4.85 (4,42)	0.003	0.251
	Group (C)	11.3 (1)	0.002		0.497	0.166
	Age	0.332 (1)	0.567		− 0.024	− 0.011
	Sex (M)	0.182 (1)	0.672		0.062	− 0.013
	Body mass	5.31 (1)	0.026		− 0.027	0.069
Mg	Model	2.39 (4,42)	0.066	0.108
	Group (C)	0.416 (1)	0.522		− 0.104	− 0.011
	Age	0.517 (1)	0.476		− 0.033	− 0.009
	Sex (M)	0.004 (1)	0.985		− 0.003	− 0.019
	Body mass	8.00 (1)	0.007		0.036	0.133
Tl	Model	3.73 (4,42)	0.011	0.192
	Group (C)	0.426 (1)	0.517		0.079	− 0.010
	Age	6.64 (1)	0.014		− 0.088	0.097
	Sex (M)	0.937 (1)	0.339		0.116	− 0.001
	Body mass	5.91 (1)	0.019		0.023	0.085
Zn	Model	4.67 (4,42)	0.003	0.242
	Group (C)	7.13 (1)	0.011		10.4	0.099
	Age	0.222 (1)	0.640		0.518	− 0.013
	Sex (M)	0.705 (1)	0.406		− 3.26	− 0.005
	Body mass	8.33 (1)	0.006		− 0.886	0.119

Only results of metal(loid)s showing statistical significance for any of the tested independent variable/covariate were shown here; group 1-C, control area; group 2-former mining area; sex 1- M, male; sex 2- F, female; F, F ratio; p, p value; df, degrees of freedom; R²_adj, adjusted R squared; β, estimate; ω², omega squared effect size; all metal(loid)s were transformed (Box-Cox), except Zn, but this step conserved the direction of studied associations shown by sign next to estimate.