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. 2025 Aug 18;16(36):16483–16510. doi: 10.1039/d5sc03309h

Table 2. Solar steam generation performances of plasmonic metal-based absorbers.

Absorber Evaporation rate (kg m−2 h−1) Conversion efficiency (%) Solar density (sun) Ref.
Au/SiO2 core–shell NPs 24.0 1.4 60
Black Au membrane 0.67 42.0–57.0 1 61
Au thin film 44.0 1 72
Black Au film 1.51 94.5 1 75
Au/AAO ∼0.95 63.9 1 76
Au/poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) nanofibre ∼1.42 83.0 1 78
Au film/airlaid paper 77.8 4.5 81
Au nanorods/biofoam 76.3 0.51 101
Au nanoflowers 2.24 90.9 1 102
Au NPs 58.9 3.5 100
Au/polystyrene nanofiber 1.85 98.7 1 115
Au@cellulose nanofibers 1.72 1 116
Au nanoflowers ∼1.36 85.0 1 117
Au gyroid 1.29 74.0 1 118
Au/ceramic 1.26 87.0 1 119
Au/CuS 0.9 62.1 1 120
Au–CuS/GMs-80 1.54 88.8 1 120
Au NR@Cu7S4 2.35 95.5 1 121
Cu7S4–MoS2–Au/PDMS ∼3.82 96.6 1 122
Au@Bi2MoO6-carbon dots 1.69 97.1 1 123
Au/GO 1.34 84.1 1 124
Au/ZnO 0.82 1 125
Au@PPy/sanded cotton fabrics 1.33 ∼93.4 1 126
Au/PA6-GO 1.10 75.6 1 127
Au/polymeric aerogel 2.70 79.3 1 128
Black Ag nanostructure 1.32 95.2 1 74
Porous black Ag film 1.42 92.6 1 103
Ag/PPy 1.55 92.6 1 104
Ag–PSS–AG/AG 2.10 92.8 1 105
Ag@PDA 2.08 97.0 1 107
Porous polyaniline nanofibers/Ag/carbon cloth 2.21 98.0 1 129
Ag/black TiO2/carbon porous layered foams 1.79 ∼81.7 1 130
Ag-BSC/bamboo shoot 1.51 86.8 1 106
TiO2/Ag aerogel ∼1.49 93.8 1 111
Polypyrrole-Ag/AgCl 1.73 95.2 1 131
Ag/PPy/poly(ionic liquid)s hydrogel 1.37 88.7 1 132
Ag/carbon cloth 1.36 92.8 1 133
Ag/MgFe2O4@surface-carbonized wood 1.55 88.6 1 134
Wood-SnS-AgNPs 1.53 90.1 1 135
Ag/GO-PW@SiO2 1.09 95.7 1 136
Ag nanoworms-Janus membrane ∼0.77 ∼51.1 1 137
Ag@polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane 1.34 76.0 1 138
Carbonized melamine foams@Ag 2.39 119.5 1 139
Bacterial cellulose/GO-Ag 2.36 94.5 1 140
AgNPs@C/melamine foam 1.62 91.3 1 141
Ag-NSP@BFP 2.77 105.2 1 142
Ag/red phosphorus 1.75 94.0 1 143
Ag/Cu2O 1.35 ∼49.0 1 144
rGO/AgNPs 1.21 86.8 1 145
rGO–Ag nanowires 2.02 91.0 1 146
Ag/CuO-rGO 2.60 92.5 1 147
AgNPs@C3N4/GO membrane 1.13 77.3 1 148
Ag@TiO2 ∼1.00 68.6 1 149
Chitosan/lignin-C@Ag aerogel ∼3.57 ∼92.1 1 150
Ag/nanotubular TiO2 0.82 ∼60.0 1 151
Ag/diatomite 1.39 92.2 1 152
Ag-PDA@wood 1.58 88.6 1 153
Cu@C/CLS 1.54 90.2 1 65
Cu/G 1.29 82.0 1 68
Cu/B–TiO2 1.94 98.6 1 154
Cu/carbon cells 2.08 93.4 1 70
Cu@C 1.51 94.6 1 155
NC@Cu 2.76 137.1 1 71
Cu@C–N 1.94 89.4 1 156
Cu cauliflower-like nanostructure >60.0 1 113
Cu NPs/cotton fabric 1.73 98.0 1 157
Cu NPs/laser-induced graphene 2.29 1 158
Cu NPs/C–TiO2/SiO2 1.50 92.2 1 159
PVA/sodium alginate–Cu–CuOx/NC polyurethane 1.99 89.5 1 160
Cu@PPy nanowire aerogel 2.09 97.6 1 161
Plasmonic Pd/wood 1.00 68.5 1 64
Pd/sponge 2.02 131.0 1 162
Al NP/AAM ∼0.92 58.0 1 66
Coral-like plasmonic black Al 2.40 166.5 1 114
Bi–C/carbon felt 1.50 91.9 1 163
Ni-NCNTs/KF 3.22 90.5 1 164
PPy@Ni sponge 1.71 85.3 1 165
Ni@C@SiO2 1.67 91.2 1 67
Co–N–C/CF 1.88 87.0 1 166
In/microporous membrane 71.6 1 69
AgCu@BT/BC 1.40 95.7 1 167
Cu–Au core–shell NPs 1.02 66.0 1 36
Au/Ag-PFC fibers 1.40 86.3 1 168
Au/Ag–cellulose–polyethyleneimine 1.31 82.1 1 169
Au–Ag alloy nanocorals 2.32 64.0 1 170
Ag/Cu@sawdust biochar 1.49 90.4 1 171
Ag–Ni/cellulose 1.87 93.8 1 172
Ag/Au-GO 1.00 63.0 1 173
Ti3C2Tx/Ag@SiO2 gel 1.42 98.0 1 174
Ag/Ti3C2Tx/ANFs 2.21 92.0 1 175
Ag–Cu-rGO 1.89 90.2 1 176