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. 2025 Aug 28;23:970. doi: 10.1186/s12967-025-07006-z

Table 1.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of study participants—discovery phase

ME (N = 61) HC (N = 20)
Proteomic cohort
 Age (years) 51.7 ± 1.5 47.9 ± 2.5
 Sex (male/female) 20/41 11/9
 BMI 25.0 ± 0.6 25.0 ± 0.9
 Ilness duration 13.6 ± 1.7 N/A
36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF36)
 Physical score 31.0 ± 1.6*** 92.0 ± 1.2
 Mental score 47.0 ± 3*** 89.0
Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 (MFI) Scores
 General fatigue 18.0 ± 0.3*** 6.0 ± 0.5
 Physical fatigue 18.0 ± 0.3*** 5.0 ± 0.4
 Reduced activity 16.0 ± 0.4*** 6.0 ± 0.5
 Reduced motivation 10.0 ± 0.4*** 6.0 ± 0.4
 Mental fatigue 15.0 ± 0.5*** 7.0 ± 0.5
DePaul Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) Scores
 Neuroendocrine, Autonomic and Immune Dysfunction score 40.0 ± 2.2*** 6.0 ± 1.0
 Cognitive Dysfunction score 56.0 ± 2.5*** 11.0 ± 2.0
 Post-exertional malaise score (PEM) 69.0 ± 2.4*** 7.0 ± 1.0
 Sleep Disturbance score 49.0 ± 2.2*** 14.0 ± 2.0

Values for the different SF-36, MFI-20 and DSQ categories are described as scores. All data are represented as mean ± standard error of the mean. A two-tailed Student's t-test was used for the comparison between ME/CFS patients and healthy controls. The questionnaire scores were significantly different between ME vs. HC. ***p-value < 0.001