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. 2025 Aug 12;15(9):7711–7726. doi: 10.21037/qims-2024-2608

Table 1. Overview of hyperparameters and settings.

Hyperparameter Setting
Learning rate 0.0001
Number of epochs 40
Batch size 30
Optimizer Adam
Momentum beta_1 =0.9; beta_2 =0.999
Data augmentation Random horizontal and vertical flipping