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. 2025 Aug 18;15(9):7833–7846. doi: 10.21037/qims-2024-2685

Table 3. Performance of the different models for assessing LVI in invasive breast cancer.

Data set Model AUC (95% CI) ACC SEN SPE P value
Training set TA 0.812 (0.754–0.870) 0.755 0.718 0.774 0.013
PA 0.830 (0.772–0.887) 0.803 0.746 0.832 0.046
TPA 0.878 (0.828–0.927) 0.832 0.831 0.832 0.344
Clinical 0.665 (0.591–0.739) 0.591 0.775 0.496 <0.001
Combined 0.888 (0.841–0.934) 0.822 0.845 0.810 Ref.
Validation set TA 0.752 (0.629–0.874) 0.743 0.682 0.771 0.163
PA 0.757 (0.641–0.873) 0.729 0.773 0.708 0.097
TPA 0.825 (0.726–0.924) 0.757 0.864 0.708 0.214
Clinical 0.635 (0.497–0.774) 0.671 0.500 0.750 0.001
Combined 0.856 (0.769–0.943) 0.757 0.909 0.688 Ref.
Test set TA 0.766 (0.664–0.867) 0.659 0.897 0.542 0.192
PA 0.704 (0.583–0.824) 0.693 0.759 0.661 0.051
TPA 0.823 (0.726–0.921) 0.795 0.862 0.763 0.203
Clinical 0.686 (0.571–0.802) 0.670 0.690 0.661 0.001
Combined 0.853 (0.760–0.946) 0.852 0.793 0.881 Ref

ACC, accuracy; AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; PA, peritumoral area; Ref., reference; SEN, sensitivity; SPE, specificity; TA, tumor area; TPA, tumor-plus-peritumoral area.