Table 2.
Psychological Stress, Social Isolation, and Risk Markers Across Time Points
| Variables | T1 (n = 614) | T2 (n = 516) | T3 (n = 435) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | |
|
| |||
| Psychological stress | |||
| Acculturative stress | 40.28 (12.88) | 37.76 (11.87) | 36.06 (11.22) |
| Perceived stress | 11.53 (7.07) | 11.54 (6.55) | 9.55 (6.44) |
| Number of negative life events | 1.29 (2.37) | 0.99 (1.83) | 0.86 (1.72) |
| Social isolation | 1.50 (0.38) | 1.54 (0.36) | 1.49 (0.37) |
| Outcome variables | |||
| HOMA-IR | 1.26 (0.89) | 1.27 (0.98) | 1.29 (0.99) |
| Fasting glucose (mg per dL) | 89.95 (19.79) | 91.54 (15.35) | 92.45 (16.76) |
| <100 mg per dLa | 85.9% | 84.1% | 82.3% |
| 100–125 mg per dLb | 10.6% | 12.8% | 14.1% |
| ≥126 mg per dLc | 3.5% | 3.1% | 3.6% |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.62% (0.49) | 5.69% (0.55) | 5.73% (0.49) |
| <5.7%a | 58.4% | 57.0% | 51.5% |
| 5.7% to 6.4%b | 37.3% | 36.4% | 41.4% |
| ≥6.5%c | 4.3% | 6.6% | 7.1% |
a
Normal.
b
Borderline or indicating possible prediabetes.
c
Consistent with diabetes.
HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c glycated hemoglobin; Timepoint 1 T1; Timepoint 2 T2; Timepoint 3 T3.