Table 1.
The evidence of studies on the assessment of all Pipkin type III fractures with authors, publication date, demographic information, treatment plans, surgical approach, complications, and functional outcomes, which were included in this review.
| Study/Year | Study design | Age/Sex | Cause | Time of operation (average hours-days) | Treatment plan | Surgical approach | Complications | Mean F/U | Functional outcome | Secondary operation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stannard et al. UK (15) | Case series (1/22) | 33/F | Traffic accident | 1 day | ORIF-3 mm cannulated screws X3 with washers | Posterior (K–L) | AVN | 24 months | Poor | — |
| Yamamoto et al. Japan (16) | Case series (1/10) | 26/M | Traffic accident | 3.2 days | Arthroscopic debridement | — | AVN within 1 year | 7 years | Poor | — |
| Guimaraes et al. Brazil (17) | Case series (2/13) | 32/M, 30/M | Traffic accident | — | THA | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tonetti et al. France (10) | Case series (4/10) | Mean age 37.1 years | Traffic accident | 4.3 days | 1 THA, 2-Fragment removal, 1-ORIF | Posterior approach (K–L) | AVN | 3–6 months | Poor | — |
| Kokubo et al. Japan (12) | Case series (2/12) | 80/F, 78/F | Traffic accident | 5 h and 7 h | THA | Posterolateral | — | 6 years 8 years | — | — |
| Park et al. Korea (18) | Case series (5/9) | 44/M,36/M, 43/F,72/M, 57/F | Traffic accident | 2.2 days | 2-ORIF, 3-THA | Trochanteric Flip osteotomy | HO, AVN | Poor | — | |
| Singaravadivelu et al. India (19) | Case report (1) | 28/M | Traffic accident | — | 2-THA | Posterior approach (K–L) | AVN | 8 months | Poor | — |
| Scolaro et al. USA (11) | Case series (7/147) | Mean age 39.2 years | — | — | 7-ORIF | Anterior (S-P) and posterior (Kocher–Langenbeck) | Fixation failures/AVN | 12.4 weeks | Poor | 2 pts–THA and 1-hemi-arthroplasty |
| Yu et al. China (14) | Case series (6/19) | Mean age 40.2 years | Traffic accident | 48 h-7 days | 1-THA, 2-cannulated screws (ORIF), 3-closed cannulated screws | Posterior (K–L) for ORIF and THA, | 1-AVN | 18 months | 3 cases-good, 2 cases-Fair, 1 case—Poor | — |
| Zhao et al. China (20) | Case report (1) | 34/M | Traffic accident | — | ORIF with cannulated screws and Herbert screws | Posterior (K–L) | — | 1 year | Good | — |
| Keong et al. Singapore (9) | Case report (1) | 35/F | Iatrogenic after reduction | — | ORIF with Herbert and cortical screws | Trochanteric Flip osteotomy | AVN | 4 months | Poor | 20 THA in 4 months |
| Peng et al. Taiwan (21) | Case series (3/31) | Mean age 30 years | High energy trauma | 2.9 days | ORIF cannulated screws | Anterior(S-P)/Posterior (Gibson Approach) | 2-HO, 2-AVN | 6 months-1 years | Poor | 2-20 THA. 1-f/u observation |
| Alyousif et al. Saudi Arabia (22) | Case report (1) | 34/M | Iatrogenic after reduction | 8 h | ORIF with cannulated screws and Herbert screws | Modified Gibson approach | — | 26 months | Excellent | — |
| Mukhopadhaya et al. India (5) | Case report (1) | 25/M | Motorbike accident | 4 days | ORIF with multiple screws | Trochanteric Flip osteotomy | Mild AVN in 2 years | 5 years | Excellent | — |
| Sen et al. India (23) | Case series (11/138) | Mean age 35.71 years | Mostly High energy trauma | — | 5-ORIF, 6-THA | — | 2-Infection, 2-AVN, 1-OA | 3.57 years | 4-Poor,1-Fair, 2-Good, 4-excellent | 2-20 THA, 2-Girdlestone arthroplasty |
| Enocson et al. Sweden (24) | Case series (1/47) | 60/M | Falls | — | 1-THA | — | — | 3.5 years | — | — |
| Li et al. China (25) | Case report (1) | 34/M | Iatrogenic after reduction | 48 h | 1-THA | — | — | — | — | — |
| YC Yoon et al. Korea (26) | Case series (4/34) | 44/M, 31/M | Mostly Motor vehicle accidents | — | 2-ORIF with cortical screws | Trochanteric Flip osteotomy | 1-HO-2nd grade, AVN, | 75 weeks 38 weeks | 1-Poor, 2-Good | THA |
| Shakya et al. China (13) | Case series (8/50) | Median age 40 years | High energy trauma | 6 h | 5-ORIF, 3-THA | Anterior(S–P) + Lateral stab, Lateral stab, Posterior (K–L) | 3-AVN, 3-PTA, 2-SNP | 36 months | 5-Fair 3-Poor | 2 pts–20 THA |
| Wang et al. China (27) | Case series (12) | Mean age 34.2 | 9-Traffic accidents, 2-falls, 1-Bruise injury | 7.1 h | 10-ORIF, 2-excision fragment | Posterior (K–L) | 5-AVN, 1-HO, 1-Non-union | 6 years | 1-Excellent,4-Good,1-Fair, 6-Poor | 6 pts–20 THA |
| Paigude et al. India (28) | Case report (1) | 35/M | Road Traffic Accident | 24 h | ORIF with 2 headless screws, 3 cancellous cannulated screws | Posterior (K–L) | — | 3 months | Good | — |
THA, total hip arthroplasty; ORIF, open reduction and internal fixation; S–P, smith–petersen; K–L, kocher–langenbeck; AVN, avascular necrosis; HO, heterotopic ossifications; Pts, patients; 20, THA-secondary THA.