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. 2025 Aug 19;13:1606959. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1606959

Table 4.

Association between exposure to PM10 and risk of NAFLD by subgroup analysis.

Subgroups Categories No. of studies OR, 95%CI I2 (%) P values within subgroups
Study design Cross-sectional 3 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) 87.7 0.542
Cohort 4 1.26 (1.00, 1.60) 82.2 0.053
Sample size < 100,000 3 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) 0.0 0.305
>100,000 4 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) 93.4 0.021
Economic level Developed countries 3 1.16 (1.02, 1.31) 0.0 0.025
Developing countries 4 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) 92.8 0.058
Geographic area Asia 3 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) 88.0 0.380
Europe 3 1.31 (0.95, 1.81) 82.8 0.097
Outcome NAFLD 4 1.27 (0.95, 1.71) 75.4 0.107
MAFLD 2 1.03 (1.03, 1.04) 0.0 <0.001