Table 2.
Descriptive statistics, internal consistency reliability, and convergent validity of study variables.
| Variable | M | SD | Cronbach’s α (range) | Std. factor loading | CR | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPD | 2.44 | 0.76 | 0.940 (0.808–0.924) | 0.703–0.820 | 0.845 | 0.578 |
| AEP | 3.54 | 0.79 | 0.902 | 0.645–0.839 | 0.756 | 0.512 |
| SC | 3.58 | 0.69 | 0.958 (0.897–0.920) | 0.741–0.769 | 0.873 | 0.578 |
| TM | 3.56 | 0.85 | 0.925 (0.895–0.923) | 0.784–0.812 | 0.778 | 0.637 |
| HA | 3.54 | 0.78 | 0.916 (0.801–0.875) | 0.781–0.810 | 0.876 | 0.639 |
M, mean; SD, standard deviation; Cronbach’s α (Range) reports the internal-consistency coefficient for the full scale, followed in parentheses by the minimum and maximum Cronbach’s α values across its first-order subscales; Std. factor loading = standardized factor-loading range obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis.