Table 2.
Multivariable regression analysis showing variables associated with CKD progression.
| p-value | OR | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Age | 0.013 | 0.991 | 0.984 | 0.998 |
| Male (ref = female) | 0.058 | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.25 |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| Chinese | 1 | |||
| Malay | <0.001 | 1.52 | 1.35 | 1.72 |
| Indian | 0.538 | 0.94 | 0.78 | 1.14 |
| Others | 0.593 | 1.08 | 0.81 | 1.44 |
| Polyclinic | <0.001 | |||
| Polyclinic A | 1 | |||
| Polyclinic B | 0.061 | 1.12 | 0.99 | 1.34 |
| Polyclinic C | 0.473 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 1.26 |
| Polyclinic D | 0.006 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 0.94 |
| Polyclinic E | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.70 |
| Polyclinic F | 0.002 | 1.33 | 1.11 | 1.59 |
| Smoking status | 0.009 | |||
| Non-smoker | 1 | |||
| Smoker | 0.002 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 1.47 |
| Ex-smoker | 0.704 | 1.03 | 0.87 | 1.22 |
| Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | <0.001 | 0.968 | 0.965 | 0.972 |
| Baseline albuminuria | <0.001 | |||
| Normo (A1) | 1 | |||
| Micro (A2) | <0.001 | 1.41 | 1.18 | 1.70 |
| Macro (A3) | <0.001 | 4.19 | 3.45 | 5.10 |
| Presence of diabetes at baseline (ref = no diabetes) | <0.001 | 2.59 | 2.18 | 3.09 |
| Presence of hypertension at baseline (ref = no hypertension) | 0.004 | 1.69 | 1.18 | 2.41 |
| Presence of hyperlipidemia at baseline (ref = no hyperlipidemia) | 0.327 | 1.19 | 0.84 | 1.70 |
| Baseline systolic BP (mmHg) | 0.017 | 1.005 | 1.001 | 1.008 |
| Baseline diastolic BP (mmHg) | <0.001 | 0.989 | 0.983 | 0.995 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | 0.981 | 0.971 | 0.991 |
| ACE-I/ARB use at baseline | 0.001 | |||
| Not on ACE-I/ARB | 1 | |||
| Not on max dose | 0.495 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 1.25 |
| Max dose | 0.006 | 1.28 | 1.07 | 1.53 |
| SGLT2i (ref = not on SGLT2i) | 0.601 | 1.03 | 0.92 | 1.15 |
| Counseling status (ref = not counseled) | <0.001 | 1.84 | 1.59 | 2.12 |
BP, blood pressure; ACE inhibitor, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; SGLT2i, sodium glucose co-transport 2 inhibitor; BMI, body mass index.