Table 3.
ncRNA and proteins in small extracellular vesicles of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
| A/A | Study | Disease | Sample | No. of patients | No. of comparators | sEV’s size (nm) | ncRNA | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Peng et al. [27] | SLE | Plasma | 20 | 20 | 100 | LINC00667 DANCR |
Upregulated in the patients Positively correlated with disease activity |
| 2 | Ji et al. [26] | SLE | Plasma | 43 | 19 | 107 |
miR-151a-3p miR-1180-3p miR-1246 miR-122-5p |
miR-151a-3p was lower in SLE patients, while miR-1180-3p, miR-1246, miR-122-5p were higher miR-122-5p was correlated with SLEDAI activity, positively correlated with dsDNA level, while negatively correlated with C3 and C4 level |
| 3 | Yang et al. [34] | SLE | Serum | 253 | 80 | NA |
tRF-iMet-CAT-1 tRF-Ala-AGC-2-M4 tRF-Tyr-GTA-1-M2 tRF-Thr-TGT-4-M3 tRFTyr-GTA-1-M2 |
tRF-iMet-CAT-1, tRF-Ala-AGC-2-M4 and tRF-Tyr-GTA-1-M2 showed high expression in SLE group without LN than in HC tRF-Thr-TGT-4-M3 and tRFTyr-GTA-1-M2 were higher expressed in LN group than in SLE without LN |
| 4 | Somparn et al. [28] |
SLE (Juvenile Proliferative LN) |
Plasma | 12 | NA | 100–150 | miR-146a | Upregulated following 12 months of treatment and inversely correlated with lupus disease severity, anti-double-stranded DNA antibody concentration and proteinuria (urine protein–creatinine ratio) |
| 5 | Chen et al. [36] | SLE | Serum |
116 SLE-LN |
116 SLE |
127 | hsa-miR-4796-5p hsa-miR-7974 | Upregulated in LN patients compared to SLE patients |
| 6 | Flores-Chova et al. [53] | SLE | Plasma | 96 | 25 | NA |
miR-101-3p miR-16-5p LINC01986 AC087257 AC022596.1 LINC01015 |
Upregulated in LN patients |
| 7 | Chen et al. [35] | SLE | Urine | 173 | 24 | 129 | tRF3-Ile-AAT-1 tiRNA5-Lys-CTT-1 | Increased in the urine of patients with LN compared to SLE patients without LN and HC |
| 8 | Song et al. [54] | SLE | Plasma | 10 | 20 | 30–200 |
Various miRNAs and proteins |
407 upregulated and 596 downregulated miRNAs 84 upregulated (CRP, LGALS3BP, IGHG1, C1QB, C4BPA, etc.) and 13 downregulated (IGHV3OR15-7, HPR and HYDIN) proteins |
| 9 | Tan et al. [33] | SLE | Serum | 42 | 21 | 30–110 |
miR-451a miR-16 miR-451a |
miR-451a and miR-16 were downregulated miR-451a expression correlated with disease activity and renal damage |
| 10 | Li et al. [29] | SLE | Serum | 38 | 18 | NA |
miR-21 miR-155 miR-146a miR-155 |
miR-21 and miR-155 were elevated miR-146a levels were decreased Higher levels of miR-21 and miR-155 in LN patients compared to non-LN SL? patients |
| 11 | Peres Hernandez et al. [32] | SLE | Urine | 41 | 20 | 70–170 | miR-146a |
Increased sEV miR-146a levels compared to urine microvesicles in SLE patients, especially in patients with LN Association with disease activity |
| 12 | Garcia-vives et al. 2020 [37] | SLE | Urine | 22 LN Responders |
21 LN non-responders |
93.4 ± 36.6 |
miR-31 miR-107 miR-135b-5p MiR-135b |
Responders expressed increased levels of sEV miR-31, miR-107, and miR-135b-5p in urine and renal tissue compared to non-responders miR-135b exhibited the best predictive value to discriminate responders |
| 13 | Dong et al. 2019 [30] | SLE | Serum | 10 | 10 | 100 | miR-146a | Downregulated in SLE patients |
| 14 | Sole et al. [38] | SLE | Urine | 45 | 20 |
85.5 ± 33.4 |
miR-21 miR-150 miR-29c |
Detected early renal fibrosis and predict disease progression in LN patients |
| 15 | Tangtanatakul et al. [48] | SLE | Urine |
13 SLE-LN |
18 SLE inactive-LN |
40–200 |
Let-7a miR-21 |
Downregulated in active LN patients |
| 16 | Peres Hernandez et al. [31] | SLE | Urine | 38 | 12 | 21–140 |
miR-146a miR-335 miR-302d miR-200c |
Increased levels in active LN patients. sEVmiR-146a indicates the presence of active LN miR-302d elevated in inactive LN |
| 17 | Sole et al. [55] | SLE | Urine | 32 | 35 | 65.35 ± 34.7 | miR-29c | Correlated with the degree of renal chronicity but not with the creatinine levels |
SLE, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; sEV, small extracellular vesicles; LN, Lupus Nephritis; HC, healthy controls; SLEDI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; dsDNA, double stranded; NA, not available