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. 2025 Aug 19;16:1595554. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1595554

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Copyright © 2025 Zhang, Pan, Qi, Bai and Han.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing pathways to enhance crop growth and drought resistance. Includes nitrogen fixation, IAA production, siderophore production, and ACC deaminase activity. Central plant illustration with “Promote plant growth” and “Resist drought stress” labels. Pathways detail chemical and biological processes involved in nutrient cycling and stress resistance. — Speculative model diagram of plant growth promotion and drought resistance mechanisms.