Table 2.
Sex differences in mood states and stress during ecological momentary assessments across the week of monitoring.
| Women N = 123 |
Men N = 164 |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative mood, geometric mean (SD) | |||
| Negative mood scorea | 6.2 (4.2) | 4.1 (5.5) | 0.02 |
| Negative mood variabilityb | 3.9 (3.1) | 2.5 (3.9) | 0.003 |
| Positive mood, geometric mean (SD) | |||
| Positive mood scorea | 69.1 (1.5) | 67.0 (1.7) | 0.95 |
| Positive mood variabilityb | 7.2 (2.8) | 6.3 (2.9) | 0.31 |
| Stress | |||
| Daily percent of moments with stress, geometric mean (SD) | 8.6 (3.8) | 5.9 (4.3) | 0.02 |
| Percent of days with at least one stressor, geometric mean (SD) | 8.2 (11.7) | 3.9 (17.4) | 0.02 |
| At least one moment with stress during the week, n (%) | 95 (77.2) | 103 (62.8) | 0.009 |
| Impact of moments with stress on life and emotions c | |||
| Negative effects on daily life, mean (SD)d | 32.4 (23.3) | 25.6 (18.9) | 0.03 |
| Rumination, mean (SD) | 52.2 (30.6) | 44.2 (31.4) | 0.07 |
| Change in subjective stress level, mean (SD) | 60.7 (26.3) | 45.7 (26.3) | < 0.001 |
| Change in fatigue level, mean (SD) | 32.6 (26.0) | 24.5 (24.4) | 0.05 |
| Within-person difference in negative mood score between moments with perceived stress and moments with no perceived stress (95% CI)e | 14.9 (13.4, 16.4) | 10.3 (8.9, 11.7) | < 0.001 |
| Within-person difference in positive mood score between moments with perceived stress and moments with no perceived stress (95% CI)e | −14.8 (−17.2, −12.4) | −15.4 (−17.7, −13.1) | 0.74 |
SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.
Daily mean of mood ratings on a scale from 0 (none of the time) to 100 (all of the time), averaged across moments, and then averaged across the week of monitoring.
Daily mean of standard deviation of mood ratings, averaged across moments, and then averaged across the week of monitoring.
Among those who reported at least one moment with stress (95 women and 103 men).
Weekly mean scores summing separate questions (asked after a stressful moment), each on a scale from 0 to 100: whether the event affected daily routine, financial situation, feeling of self, feeling of other people about self, and physical health or safety.
Estimates from a repeated measures model. The mood scores are on a scale from 0 to 100.