Table 2.
Evaluation of COVID pandemic-specific posttraumatic symptoms in healthcare workers with no/low or moderate/severe psychological distress.
| Posttraumatic symptoms | Visits | No/low distress | Moderate or severe distress | K10 3rd visit | Visit | Visit * K10 3rd visit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrusion | 1 | 8.480 ± 1.229 | 11.640 ± 1.768 | F1,2 = 3.086 p = 0.104 η2 = 0.205 |
F1,2 = 0.375 p = 0.691 η2 = 0.030 |
F1,2 = 1.049 p = 0.366 η2 = 0.080 |
| 2 | 5.989 ± 1.553 | 11.023 ± 2.235 | ||||
| 3 | 5.715 ± 0.977 | 7.770 ± 1.406 | ||||
| Avoidance | 1 | 6.744 ± 1.512 | 9.312 ± 2.176 | F1,2 = 2.295 p = 0.156 η2 = 0.161 |
F1,2 = 0.116 p = 0.891 η2 = 0.01 |
F1,2 = 0.310 p = 0.736 η2 = 0.025 |
| 2 | 3.360 ± 1.364 | 7.280 ± 1.963 | ||||
| 3 | 4.245 ± 1.004 | 6.310 ± 1.445 | ||||
| Hyperarousal | 1 | 4.064 ± 1.057 | 6.671 ± 1.521 |
F1,2
= 7.815 p = 0.016* η2 = 0.394 |
F1,2 = 0.040 p = 0.961 η2 = 0.003 |
F1,2 = 0.606 p = 0.554 η2 = 0.048 |
| 2 | 1.938 ± 0.743 | 6.125 ± 1.070 ‡‡ | ||||
| 3 | 2.569 ± 0.628 | 5.063 ± 0.904 ‡ | ||||
| Total score | 1 | 19.288 ± 3.062 | 27.624 ± 4.407 | F1,2 = 3.807 p = 0.075 η2 = 0.241 |
F1,2 = 0.088 p = 0.916 η2 = 0.007 |
F1,2 = 0.211 p = 0.811 η2 = 0.017 |
| 2 | 10.999 ± 3.382 | 21.002 ± 4.867 | ||||
| 3 | 12.529 ± 2.152 | 19.143 ± 3.097 |
Intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, and overall symptoms were evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) questionnaire. Participants were divided into no/low vs. moderate/severe psychological group based on the K10 score at the final (K10 3rd visit). Data are presented as the marginalized mean ± SD. *p ≤ 0.05 for main regression effect; ‡p ≤ 0.05 and ‡‡p ≤ 0.01 following post-hoc comparisons with the corresponding (i.e., same visit) no/low group. Bold values represent statistically different values.