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. 2025 Aug 21;12:1647313. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1647313

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© 2025 Wang, Qiao, Song, Wang, Yang, Lin and Meng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing the breakdown of patients with Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) into three groups: No Stroke (39.5%), Cryptogenic Stroke (17.2%), and Non-cryptogenic Stroke (43.3%). It presents risk factors: elevated white blood cell count, age over 60, PFO diameter, cortical infarction, large right-to-left shunt, previous stroke, and smoking. It further categorizes patients under and over 60, highlighting specific risk factors. Arrows, icons, and text illustrate relationships and details for each category. — Visual summary of patient groups, risk factors for cryptogenic stroke, and age subgroup analysis. (TIA, Transient ischemic attack; RLS, right-to-left shunt; PFO, patent foramen ovale; WBC, white blood cell count).