. 2025 Aug 21;12:1647313. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1647313

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of patients with PFO, mean ± SD, median [IQR], n (%).

Variables	NS (n = 149)	CS (n = 59)	NCS (n = 136)	P-value
Age, years
Age < 60, n (%)	98 (28.5)^a	22 (6.4)^b	37 (10.8)^b	<0.001
Age ≥ 60, n (%)	51 (14.8)^a	37 (10.8)^b	99 (28.7)^b
Gender, sex
Male, n (%)	43 (12.5)^a	30 (8.7)^b	64 (18.6)^b	0.001
Female, n (%)	106 (30.8)^a	29 (8.4)^b	72 (20.9)^b
Hypertension
Yes, n (%)	43 (12.5)^a	28 (8.1)^b	86 (25.0)^b	<0.001
No, n (%)	106 (30.8)^a	31 (9.0)^b	50 (14.5)^b
Diabetes
Yes, n (%)	9 (2.6)^a	16 (4.7)^b	34 (9.9)^b	<0.001
No, n (%)	140 (40.7)^a	43 (12.5)^b	102 (29.7)^b
Previous Stroke/TIA
Yes, n (%)	0 (0.0)^a	17 (4.9)^b	27 (7.8)^b	<0.001
No, n (%)	149 (43.3)^a	42 (12.2)^b	109 (31.7)^b
Smoking
Yes, n (%)	17 (4.9)^a	16 (4.7)^b	27 (7.8)^a^,^b	0.017
No, n (%)	132 (38.4)^a	43 (12.5)^b	109 (31.7)^a^,^b
Cortical infarct on imaging
Yes, n (%)	0 (0.0)^a	16 (4.7)^b	12 (3.5)^c	<0.001
No, n (%)	149 (43.4)^a	43 (12.5)^b	124 (36.0)^c
Coronary heart disease
Yes, n (%)	14 (4.1)^a	6 (1.7)^a^,^b	28 (8.1)^b	0.016
No, n (%)	135 (39.2)^a	53 (15.4)^a^,^b	108 (31.4)^b
Atrial septal aneurysm
Yes, n (%)	2 (0.6)^a	0 (0)^a	4 (1.2)^a	0.313
No, n (%)	147 (42.7)^a	59 (17.2)^a	132 (38.3)^a
RLS
Small RLS, n (%)	50 (14.5)^a	8 (2.3)^b	60 (17.4)^a	<0.001
Large RLS, n (%)	99 (28.8)^a	51 (14.8)^b	76 (22.1)^a
Risk of PFO
Low-risk PFO, n (%)	50 (14.5)^a	8 (2.3)^b	60 (17.4)^a	<0.001
High-risk PFO, n (%)	99 (28.8)^a	51 (14.8)^b	76 (22.1)^a
Age, (years)	52.77 ± 13.52^a	59.20 ± 12.67^b	64.13 ± 10.34^c	<0.001
PFO diameter, (mm)	1.70 ± 0.73^a	2.54 ± 0.79^b	1.98 ± 1.10^c	<0.001
PFO tunnel length, (mm)	7.74 ± 4.27^a	8.05 ± 3.09^a	7.85 ± 3.71^a	0.847
PFO tunnel length/diameter	5.16 ± 3.22^a	3.40 ± 1.60^b	4.92 ± 3.16^a^,^b	0.001
LAA PSV, (cm/s)	71.86 ± 18.39^a	71.12 ± 22.60^a	72.40 ± 19.58^a	0.917
WBC, (×10⁹/L)	6.46 ± 1.77^a	7.02 ± 1.97^a^,^b	7.06 ± 2.13^b	0.025
Hemoglobin, (g/L)	130.42 ± 18.27^a	132.78 ± 15.53^a	131.65 ± 14.64^a	0.616
RDW, (%)	13.02 ± 1.00^a	13.00 ± 1.09^a	13.15 ± 1.00^a	0.480
PLT, (×10⁹/L)	246.47 ± 68.40^a	233.14 ± 51.72^a	234.97 ± 59.86^a	0.206
Uric Acid, (μmol/L)	317.95 ± 88.57^a	355.37 ± 100.98^b	334.63 ± 94.65^a^,^b	0.043
Creatinine, (μmol/L)	63.00 [15.00]^a	76.50 [31.3]^b	71.50 [23.3]^c	<0.001
Total Cholesterol, (mmol/L)	3.23 ± 1.91^a	3.62 ± 1.68a^a^,^b	3.99 ± 1.66^b	0.002
Triglyceride, (mmol/L)	1.93 [1.86]^a	1.68 [1.30]^a^,^b	1.37 [1.03]^b	0.006
HDL-C, (mmol/L)	2.96 ± 2.02^a	1.84 ± 1.47^b	1.82 ± 1.50^c	<0.001
LDL-C, (mmol/L)	2.30 [1.86]^a	2.35 [1.52]^a	2.61 [1.37]^a	0.093
HbA1c, (%)	5.71 ± 0.78^a	6.58 ± 2.20^b	6.12 ± 1.09^c	<0.001
D-dimer, (mg/L)	0.62 [0.14]^a	0.84 [0.26]^a	0.63 [0.32]^a	0.453
Fibrinogen, (g/L)	2.98 ± 0.69^a	3.13 ± 1.00^a	2.90 ± 0.91^a	0.222

^{^a,b,c}

Different superscript letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences between groups (P < 0.05, Bonferroni-adjusted).

TIA, transient ischemic attack; ASA, atrial septal aneurysm; RLS, right-to-left shunt; PFO, patent foramen ovale; LAA, left atrial appendage; PSV, peak systolic velocity; WBC, white blood cell count; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; PLT, platelet count; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; NS, no stroke; CS, cryptogenic stroke; NCS, non-cryptogenic stroke.