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. 2025 Aug 21;16:1607131. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1607131

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Cheng, Han, Xia, Wei, Chang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Five-panel image showing microbiome data analysis. Panel a: Venn diagram with overlapping sections for groups A, B, C, D. Panel b: Bar chart comparing values for groups A, B, C, D. Panel c: Box plots for four metrics—Chao1, Observed species, Shannon, and Simpson—across groups. Panel d: Two scatter plots displaying PCoA and NMDS analyses, illustrating data distribution for the groups. Panel e: Hierarchical clustering analysis with a dendrogram and corresponding bar plot, displaying relative abundance of different taxa across samples. — Microbial diversity analysis of the different groups. (a) OTU Venn diagram. (b) Total OTUs in each sample group. (c) Alpha diversity analysis of each group. (d) PCoA, Adonis, and NMDS analyses. (e) Hierarchical clustering analysis. (A, Control group, n = 5; B, RIV group, n = 6; C, MCT group, n = 6; D, MCT + RIV group, n = 5).