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. 2025 Aug 21;16:1607131. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1607131

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Cheng, Han, Xia, Wei, Chang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two-panel image showing microbiome data with LDA threshold of 2. Panel (a) includes a bar chart and a circular phylogenetic tree comparing groups A, B, C, and D. Panel (b) contains a similar bar chart and tree comparing groups C and D, highlighting bacterial taxa enrichments. — LEfSe analysis of the gut microbiota in different groups. (a) LEfSe analysis histogram and cladogram for all four groups (A, B, C, and D). (b) LEfSe analysis histogram and cladogram for groups C and D. (A) Control group (n = 5); (B) RIV group (n = 6); (C) MCT group (n = 6); (D) MCT + RIV group (n = 5).