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. 2025 Aug 21;12:1632999. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1632999

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Copyright © 2025 Ostaiza-Cardenas, Tobar, Costa, Calero, López-Carrera, Bermúdez and Orellana-Manzano.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration of lifestyle factors and epigenetic modifications affecting health. Three main factors are highlighted: 1) Muscle - physical activity enhances metabolic function and insulin sensitivity; 2) Mental and physical health - mindfulness modifies gene expression related to stress and inflammation; 3) Nutrition - Mediterranean and DASH diets positively influence DNA methylation. Central human figure with highlighted circulatory and nervous systems. Surrounding icons represent these factors, stressing the impact of lifestyle on gene expression without altering DNA sequence. — Graphical abstract of lifestyle factors and epigenetic modifications.