TABLE 2.

The role of autophagy in colorectal cancer.

Autophagic factors	Scientific evidence	Role in CRC	Ref.
ATG5	Increased expression in patients	CRC invasion	Yang et al. (2018)
	Atg5 deficiency in mice	Gut microenvironment alteration (CRC onset)	Cho et al. (2012)
Atg7	Atg7 deficiency in mice	Reduced tumor initiation and growth	Lévy et al. (2015)
ATG10	ATG10 overexpression in patients	Association with CRC invasion and metastasis	Jo et al. (2012)
ATG16L1	T300A genetic variant in CRC patients	Increased immune response and patients survival	Grimm et al. (2016)
	T300A variant: defective autophagy in mice	Risk factors for Crohn’s disease and CRC onset	Grimm et al. (2016)
BECLIN-1	Overexpressed in CRC patients	Poor prognosis and metastasis formation	Park et al. (2013)
	High levels in metastatic CRC patients treated with 5-FU-based adjuvant therapy	correlate with chemoresistance and poor survival Pro-Tumor	Park et al. (2013)
	High expression	Increased survival of advanced-stage CRC patient	Han et al. (2014)
LC3	Low levels correlate with patients with advanced CRC	Increased responses to treatment and survival	Park et al. (2013); Niklaus et al. (2017)
RACK1	Induced autophagy in CRC cells	CRC onset	Xiao et al. (2018)
UVRAG	Monoallelically mutated at high frequency in human CRCs	Suppressed proliferation and tumorigenicity in CRC cells	Liang et al. (2006)
Bif-1	Low expression in CRC patients	CRC onset	Coppola et al. (2008)
PARK2	Described as haploinsufficient in 33% of CRCs	Tumor suppressor in CRC	Poulogiannis et al. (2010)