Table 2.
Participant characteristics by patterns of online sex seeking (4-class latent class analysis model).
| Variable | Negligible app users (n=638) | Gay app users (n=103) | Poly app users (n=41) | Low-cost app users (n=223) | |||||
| Age (y), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
15-19 | 49 (7.7) | 8 (7.8) | 4 (9.8) | 15 (6.7) | ||||
|
|
20-24 | 337 (52.8) | 70 (68) | 27 (65.9) | 123 (55.2) | ||||
|
|
25-29 | 252 (39.5) | 25 (24.3) | 10 (24.4) | 85 (38.1) | ||||
| Educational level, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Secondary or lower (≤12 y) | 22 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.9) | 8 (3.6) | ||||
|
|
Tertiary [14,15] | 108 (16.9) | 33 (32) | 17 (41.5) | 55 (24.7) | ||||
|
|
Bachelor’s degree [16] | 388 (60.8) | 67 (65) | 20 (48.8) | 147 (65.9) | ||||
|
|
Higher than a bachelor’s degree (≥17 y) | 120 (18.8) | 3 (2.9) | 2 (4.9) | 13 (5.8) | ||||
| Employment status, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Full time | 312 (48.9) | 64 (62.1) | 27 (65.9) | 127 (57) | ||||
|
|
Not working | 146 (22.9) | 5 (4.9) | 3 (7.3) | 30 (13.5) | ||||
|
|
Part time | 180 (28.2) | 34 (33) | 11 (26.8) | 66 (29.6) | ||||
| Monthly income, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
<VND 5 million (US $191.11) | 101 (15.8) | 6 (5.8) | 6 (14.6) | 51 (22.9) | ||||
|
|
VND 5 million-9,999,999 (US $191.11-$382.21) | 168 (26.3) | 7 (6.8) | 6 (14.6) | 73 (32.7) | ||||
|
|
VND 10 million-14,999,999 (US $382.21-$573.31) | 133 (20.8) | 25 (24.3) | 11 (26.8) | 51 (22.9) | ||||
|
|
VND 15 million-19,999,999 (US $573.31-$764.42) | 87 (13.6) | 34 (33) | 11 (26.8) | 21 (9.4) | ||||
|
|
≥VND 20 million (US $764.42) | 149 (23.4) | 31 (30.1) | 7 (17.1) | 27 (12.1) | ||||
| Sexual orientation, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Homosexual | 584 (91.5) | 95 (92.2) | 33 (80.5) | 206 (92.4) | ||||
|
|
Bisexual or straight | 54 (8.5) | 8 (7.8) | 8 (19.5) | 17 (7.6) | ||||
| Ever sold sex, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 560 (87.8) | 25 (24.3) | 14 (34.1) | 169 (75.8) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 78 (12.2) | 78 (75.7) | 27 (65.9) | 54 (24.2) | ||||
| Ever bought sex, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 595 (93.3) | 93 (90.3) | 38 (92.7) | 187 (83.9) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 43 (6.7) | 10 (9.7) | 3 (7.3) | 36 (16.1) | ||||
| HIV status, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Negative | 552 (86.5) | 97 (94.2) | 32 (78) | 195 (87.4) | ||||
|
|
Positive | 24 (3.8) | 3 (2.9) | 5 (12.2) | 10 (4.5) | ||||
|
|
Unknown | 62 (9.7) | 3 (2.9) | 4 (9.8) | 18 (8.1) | ||||
| Any STIa diagnosis (previous 12 mo), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 537 (84.2) | 80 (77.7) | 28 (68.3) | 184 (82.5) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 101 (15.8) | 23 (22.3) | 13 (31.7) | 39 (17.5) | ||||
| HIV testing (previous 6 mo), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 123 (19.3) | 25 (24.3) | 13 (31.7) | 42 (18.8) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 515 (80.7) | 78 (75.7) | 28 (68.3) | 181 (81.2) | ||||
| Currently on PrEPb, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 254 (39.8) | 14 (13.6) | 12 (29.3) | 101 (45.3) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 384 (60.2) | 89 (86.4) | 29 (70.7) | 122 (54.7) | ||||
| Steady sex partner (previous 12 mo), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 272 (42.6) | 74 (71.8) | 21 (51.2) | 96 (43) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 366 (57.4) | 29 (28.2) | 20 (48.8) | 127 (57) | ||||
| Casual sex partner (previous 12 mo), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 260 (40.8) | 7 (6.8) | 11 (26.8) | 46 (20.6) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 378 (59.2) | 96 (93.2) | 30 (73.2) | 177 (79.4) | ||||
| Male sex worker partner (previous 12 mo), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 626 (98.1) | 95 (92.2) | 26 (63.4) | 217 (97.3) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 12 (1.9) | 8 (7.8) | 15 (36.6) | 6 (2.7) | ||||
| Male client sex partner (previous 12 mo), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 615 (96.4) | 84 (81.6) | 27 (65.9) | 206 (92.4) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 23 (3.6) | 19 (18.4) | 14 (34.1) | 17 (7.6) | ||||
| Number of male sex partners (previous 12 mo), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
1-10 | 441 (69.1) | 4 (3.9) | 9 (22) | 187 (83.9) | ||||
|
|
≥11 | 197 (30.9) | 99 (96.1) | 32 (78) | 36 (16.1) | ||||
| HIV status of last male sex partner, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Did not know | 203 (31.8) | 72 (69.9) | 27 (65.9) | 53 (23.8) | ||||
|
|
HIV positive | 32 (5) | 1 (1) | 1 (2.4) | 5 (2.2) | ||||
|
|
HIV negative | 403 (63.2) | 30 (29.1) | 13 (31.7) | 165 (74) | ||||
| Condomless anal sex: previous 3 mo, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 424 (66.5) | 20 (19.4) | 8 (19.5) | 129 (57.8) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 214 (33.5) | 83 (80.6) | 33 (80.5) | 94 (42.2) | ||||
| Condomless anal sex: last time, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 410 (64.3) | 33 (32) | 11 (26.8) | 129 (57.8) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 228 (35.7) | 70 (68) | 30 (73.2) | 94 (42.2) | ||||
| Condomless anal sex while not on PrEP or ARTc (last time), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 538 (84.3) | 97 (94.2) | 35 (85.4) | 176 (78.9) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 100 (15.7) | 6 (5.8) | 6 (14.6) | 47 (21.1) | ||||
| Group sex (lifetime), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Never | 425 (66.6) | 7 (6.8) | 2 (4.9) | 127 (57) | ||||
|
|
1-10 times | 155 (24.3) | 68 (66) | 21 (51.2) | 91 (40.8) | ||||
|
|
≥11 times | 58 (9.1) | 28 (27.2) | 18 (43.9) | 5 (2.2) | ||||
| Frequency of having sex with online partners (previous 12 mo), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Never | 239 (37.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
|
|
Sometimes | 294 (46.1) | 9 (8.7) | 7 (17.1) | 169 (75.8) | ||||
|
|
Often | 105 (16.5) | 94 (91.3) | 34 (82.9) | 54 (24.2) | ||||
| Significant depressive symptoms (CES-D-Rd score of >9), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 388 (60.8) | 72 (69.9) | 20 (48.8) | 97 (43.5) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 250 (39.2) | 31 (30.1) | 21 (51.2) | 126 (56.5) | ||||
| Suicidality (SBQ-Re score of >6), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 480 (75.2) | 98 (95.1) | 30 (73.2) | 151 (67.7) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 141 (22.1) | 4 (3.9) | 9 (22) | 69 (30.9) | ||||
|
|
Missing | 17 (2.7) | 1 (1) | 2 (4.9) | 3 (1.3) | ||||
| Hazardous drinking (AUDIT-Cf score of >3), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 486 (76.2) | 50 (48.5) | 20 (48.8) | 129 (57.8) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 152 (23.8) | 53 (51.5) | 21 (51.2) | 94 (42.2) | ||||
| Sexualized illicit drug use, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
No | 576 (90.3) | 18 (17.5) | 15 (36.6) | 195 (87.4) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 62 (9.7) | 85 (82.5) | 26 (63.4) | 28 (12.6) | ||||
| Perceived HIV stigma (score of 0-21), mean (SD) | 10.2 (3.81) | 7.42 (1.18) | 10.7 (6.19) | 11.3 (4.15) | |||||
| Outness (score of 5-25), mean (SD) | 8.51 (6.90) | 11.2 (4.49) | 8.24 (5.43) | 6.66 (5.81) | |||||
| Social support (MOS-SSSg; score of 1-5), mean (SD) | 3.54 (1.13) | 4.09 (0.66) | 3.45 (0.90) | 3.12 (0.98) | |||||
aSTI: sexually transmitted infection.
bPrEP: preexposure prophylaxis.
cART: antiretroviral therapy.
dCES-D-R: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale.
eSBQ-R: Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire–Revised.
fAUDIT-C: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption scale.
gMOS-SSS: Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey.