. 2025 Sep 4;7(20):6308–6320. doi: 10.1039/d5na00394f

Table 2. Summary of indirect detection technique of SERS.

Recognition element	Mycotoxins	Signal molecule	SERS substrates	Sample	Limit of detection	Rate of recovery	Ref.
Antibody	ZEN	4,4′-Dipyridyl	AuNPs	Feed	1 pg mL⁻¹	99–105.2%	58
	AFB1; OTA; ZEN	Nile blue A	AuNPs	Rice wheat, corn	0.82 (AFB1), 1.43 (OTA), 1.00 (ZEN) pg mL⁻¹	70.35–118.04% (average)	59
Aptamer	OTA; ZEN	4-Mercaptobenzoic acid; 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)	Au@Ag CS	Wheat, corn	0.018 (OTA), 0.054 (ZEN) ng mL⁻¹	96.0% ± 3.1%–110.7% ± 4.2% (OTA), 96.9% ± 2.6%–107.4% ± 3.9% (ZEN)	61
	OTA; ZEN	4-Mercaptopyridine, 4-mercaptobenzonitrile	Au@AgNPs	Corn	0.94 (OTA), 59 (ZEN) ng mL⁻¹	92.9–106.6% (OTA), 93.13–118.38% (ZEN)	62
	FB1	Cyanine 5.5	AuNR	Corn	3 pg mL⁻¹	92–107%	63
MIPs	AFB1	Rhodamine 6G	TA-AgNPs MF	Peanut	0.1 μg L⁻¹	93–102%	64