. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 5.

Published before final editing as: J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2025 Aug 15:10.1007/s40615-025-02607-2. doi: 10.1007/s40615-025-02607-2

Table 2.

Association between sound levels and sleep architecture variables

Outcome	Exposure—Average sound level entire night
	Model 1		Model 2
	β (95% CI)	p-value	β (95% CI)	p-value

Total sleep time (hours)	−0.82 (−2.70,1.07)	0.39	−0.72 (−2.70, 1.25)	0.47
N2 (minutes)	0.18 (−1.40, 1.75)	0.82	0.24 (−1.38, 1.86))	0.77
N3 (minutes) ^a	−0.51 (−1.33, 0.30)	0.21	−0.54 (−1.37, 0.28)	0.19
REM minutes	−1.51 (−2.53, −0.49)	0.005	−1.50 (−2.58, −0.42)	0.008
WASO (minutes)	0.46 (−0.45, 1.39)	0.32	0.51 (−0.41, 1.44)	0.27
N2 (%)	0.40 (0.10,0.71)	0.009	0.43 (0.12, 0.75)	0.007
N3 (%) ^a	−0.10 (−0.30, 0.10)	0.32	−0.11 (−0.31, 0.10)	0.28
REM (%)	−0.32 (−0.50, −0.13)	0.001	−0.32 (−0.51, −0.12)	0.002
Outcome	Exposure- Number of sound peaks > 60 dB
	Model 1		Model 2
	β (95% CI)	p-value	β (95% CI)	p-value
Total sleep time (hours)	−1.0 (−3.57, 1.50)	0.42	−0.90 (−3.50, 1.70)	0.49
N2 (minutes)	0.74 (−1.53, 3.01)	0.52	0.74 (−1.59, 3.07)	0.53
N3 (minutes) ^a	−0.79 (−2.0, 0.40)	0.19	−0.70 (−1.90, 0.49)	0.24
REM minutes	−1.67 (−3.07, −0.25)	0.02	−1.61 (−3.06, −0.16)	0.03
WASO (minutes)	1.09 (−0.11, 2.30)	0.08	1.02 (−0.17, 2.23)	0.09
N2 (%)	0.31 (−0.11, 0.73)	0.14	0.30 (−0.13, 0.73)	0.17
N3 (%) ^a	−0.16 (−0.45, 0.13)	0.29	−0.14 (−0.44, 0.150)	0.32
REM (%)	−0.36 (−0.61, −0.10)	0.006	−0.36 (−0.622, −0.09)	0.008

Model 1: unadjusted

Model 2: adjusted for age and gender

N3 estimates (both minutes and %) used average sound level for first 3 h