Table 3.
Unadjusted and penalized model coefficients.
| Candidate predictors | Moderate-to-severe postoperative pain | Severe postoperative pain | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full model | Reduced model | Full model | Reduced model | |||||
| Estimate (SE) | Penalized estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Penalized estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Penalized estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Penalized estimate (SE) | |
| Intercept | −0.056 (0.834) | −0.061 (0.834) | −0.613 (0.418) | −0.597 (0.418) | −2.360 (0.787) | −2.288 (0.787) | −1.888 (0.700) | −1.871 (0.700) |
| Age + spline (model 2) | −0.013 (0.004) | −0.012 (0.004) | −0.012 (0.004) | −0.012 (0.004) | −0.017 (0.013) −0.004 (0.013) |
−0.015 (0.012) −0.004 (0.013) |
−0.014 (0.012) −0.006 (0.013) |
−0.013 (0.012) −0.006 (0.013) |
| Sex, female | 0.370 (0.131) | 0.352 (0.131) | 0.389 (0.128) | 0.375 (0.128) | 0.478 (0.192) | 0.426 (0.192) | 0.426 (0.191) | 0.388 (0.191) |
| BMI + spline (model 1) | −0.029 (0.032) 0.059 (0.045) |
−0.027 (0.032) 0.056 (0.045) |
— | — | 0.015 (0.017) | 0.013 (0.017) | — | — |
| Smoking status, former/current | 0.123 (0.127) | 0.117 (0.127) | — | — | 0.325 (0.186) | 0.290 (0.186) | — | — |
| Preoperative pain in the operative area at rest (NRS) | 0.110 (0.029) | 0.105 (0.029) | 0.120 (0.029) | 0.116 (0.029) | 0.122 (0.040) | 0.108 (0.040) | 0.129 (0.039) | 0.117 (0.039) |
| Other pain | 0.196 (0.128) | 0.186 (0.128) | — | — | 0.549 (0.185) | 0.490 (0.185) | 0.538 (0.184) | 0.489 (0.184) |
| Preoperative opioid | 0.564 (0.230) | 0.537 (0.229) | 0.607 (0.227) | 0.585 (0.227) | 0.713 (0.263) | 0.636 (0.263) | 0.775 (0.258) | 0.705 (0.258) |
| Orthopedic surgery | −0.692 (0.169) | −0.658 (0.169) | −0.701 (0.167) | −0.675 (0.167) | −0.585 (0.235) | −0.522 (0.235) | −0.642 (0.230) | −0.584 (0.230) |
| Regional block | ||||||||
| None (referent) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Peripheral | −0.691 (0.148) | −0.657 (0.148) | −0.704 (0.147) | −0.678 (0.147) | −0.261 (0.206) | −0.233 (0.206) | −0.240 (0.205) | −0.218 (0.205) |
| Neuraxial | −1.362 (0.210) | −1.295 (0.210) | −1.347 (0.209) | −1.298 (0.209) | −0.930 (0.360) | −0.830 (0.360) | −1.009 (0.354) | −0.918 (0.354) |
| Expected surgical technique, open | −0.351 (0.138) | −0.471 (0.132) | −0.338 (0.137) | −0.325 (0.137) | −0.259 (0.196) | −0.231 (0.196) | — | — |
| Expected surgery duration (min) + spline (model 1 and model 2) | 0.022 (0.008) 0.006 (0.049) −0.057 (0.115) |
0.008 (0.008) 0.071 (0.048) −0.190 (0.112) |
0.022 (0.008) 0.008 (0.049) −0.064 (0.114) |
0.021 (0.008) 0.008 (0.049) −0.061 (0.114) |
−0.001 (0.013) 0.067 (0.072) −0.147 (0.164) |
−0.001 (0.012) 0.059 (0.072) −0.131 (0.164) |
−0.004 (0.012) 0.089 (0.070) −0.202 (0.161) |
−0.004 (0.012) 0.081 (0.070) −0.184 (0.161) |
SE, standard error.