Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| Valid cases | All patients N=427 |
Males n=267 |
Females n=160 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Age, years | 427 (100) | 26 (19–41) | 24 (19–39) | 29 (20–43) | 0.04 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 348 (81.5) | 1.9±0.2 | 2.0±0.2 | 1.8±0.2 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 397 (93.0) | 124 (115–136) | 125 (117–140) | 120 (110–131) | 0.007 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 397 (93.0) | 76 (70–83) | 76 (70–81) | 75 (70–85) | 0.85 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 340 (79.6) | 0.59 | |||
| Current | 57 (16.8) | 37 (17.5) | 20 (15.6) | ||
| Past | 55 (16.2) | 31 (14.6) | 24 (18.8) | ||
| NYHA class ≥2, n (%) | 398 (93.2) | 23 (5.8) | 8 (3.2) | 15 (10.3) | 0.006 |
| Cardiac medication use*, n (%) | 418 (97.9) | 80 (19.1) | 41 (15.6) | 39 (25.0) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 427 (100) | 84 (19.7) | 45 (16.9) | 39 (24.4) | 0.06 |
| Turner syndrome, n (%) | 427 (100) | 10 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 10 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Bicuspid aortic valve, n (%) | 422 (98.8) | 394 (93.4) | 246 (92.8) | 148 (94.3) | 0.57 |
| Other CHD, n (%) | 427 (100) | 52 (12.2) | 29 (10.9) | 23 (14.4) | 0.28 |
| Aortic coarctation, n (%) | 427 (100) | 90 (21.1) | 52 (19.5) | 38 (23.8) | 0.30 |
| Treated, n (%) | 90 (100) | 80 (88.9) | 46 (88.5) | 34 (89.5) | 0.88 |
| Ascending aortic aneurysm, n (%) | 427 (100) | 96 (22.5) | 61 (22.8) | 35 (21.9) | 0.82 |
| Treated, n (%) | 96 (100) | 9 (9.4) | 7 (11.5) | 2 (5.7) | 0.48 |
| Ascending aortic dissection, n (%) | 427 (100) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.38 |
| Prior AV intervention, n (%) | 427 (100) | 100 (23.4) | 70 (26.2) | 30 (18.8) | 0.08 |
| Balloon valvuloplasty | 44 (10.3) | 30 (11.2) | 14 (8.8) | ||
| Surgical valvulotomy | 33 (7.7) | 24 (9.0) | 9 (5.6) | ||
| >1 prior intervention | 23 (5.4) | 16 (6.0) | 7 (4.4) | ||
| Echocardiography | |||||
| Impaired LV systolic function | 414 (97.0) | 14 (3.4) | 7 (2.7) | 7 (4.5) | 0.40 |
| LV end-diastolic dimension, mm | 369 (86.4) | 51±6 | 53±6 | 48±5 | <0.001 |
| LV end-systolic dimension, mm | 346 (81.0) | 31±5 | 32±6 | 30±5 | <0.001 |
| Interventricular septum, mm | 369 (86.4) | 9.9 (8.3–11.0) | 10.0 (9.0–12.0) | 9.0 (8.0–10.0) | <0.001 |
| LV posterior wall, mm | 363 (85.0) | 9.9 (8.1–11.0) | 10.0 (9.0–11.2) | 9.0 (8.0–10.0) | <0.001 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 295 (69.1) | 92 (78–111) | 99 (84–119) | 81 (67–97) | <0.001 |
| LV concentric geometry, n (%) | 359 (84.1) | 104 (29.0) | 73 (32.4) | 31 (23.1) | 0.04 |
| E/A ratio | 223 (52.2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 1.6 [1.3–2.1) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.10 |
| AV peak velocity, m/s | 427 (100) | 3.1 (2.7–3.6) | 3.1 [2.7–3.7) | 3.0 (2.7–3.5) | 0.48 |
| Aortic regurgitation, n (%) | 424 (99.3) | 0.28 | |||
| None–mild | 276 (65.1) | 168 (63.2) | 108 (68.4) | ||
| Moderate | 148 (34.9) | 98 (36.8) | 50 (31.6) | ||
| Ascending aortic diameter, mm | 284 (66.5) | 36±7 | 37±7 | 35±7 | 0.04 |
| Electrocardiography | |||||
| Sinus rhythm, n (%) | 414 (97.0) | 407 (98.3) | 255 (98.8) | 152 (97.4) | 0.43 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 413 (96.7) | 69±13 | 67±13 | 71±13 | <0.001 |
| QRS duration, ms | 405 (94.8) | 98 (90–106) | 100 (94–110) | 92 (85–100) | <0.001 |
| PR-interval, ms | 391 (91.6) | 149 (136–166) | 152 (137–168) | 147 (132–162) | 0.07 |
*
Medication included: beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor, diuretics, antiarrhythmic, angiotensin II receptor blocker, calcium channel blocker, alpha blocker.
AV, aortic valve; CHD, congenital heart disease; LV, left ventricle; NYHA, New York Heart Association.