Table 2.

Cox proportional hazards regression analyses for the association between baPWV-based VA and the risk of cardiovascular events

Outcomes	VA Categories	Event n (%)	Model 1		Model 2
			HR (95%CI)	P-value	HR (95%CI)	P-value
MACE	∆-age	173(3)	1.05(1.01–1.09)	0.025	1.04(1.00–1.09)		0.044
	SUPERNOVA	14(2.4)	0.90(0.52–1.56)	0.704	0.84(0.48–1.47)		0.536
	Normal VA	123(2.7)	reference	-	reference		-
	EVA	36(6.3)	1.95(1.34–2.84)	<0.001	1.84(1.25–2.73)		0.002
CVD mortality	∆-age	21(0.4)	1.10(0.98–1.22)	0.104	1.08(0.96–1.21)		0.193
	SUPERNOVA	0(0.0)	-	-	-		-
	Normal VA	16(0.3)	reference	-	reference		-
	EVA	5(0.9)	1.87(0.68–5.15)	0.226	1.64(0.56–4.77)		0.364
AMI	∆-age	35(0.6)	1.01(0.93–1.10)	0.820	1.01(0.92–1.11)		0.806
	SUPERNOVA	2(0.3)	0.60(0.14–2.53)	0.484	0.54(0.12–2.31)		0.404
	Normal VA	27(0.6)	reference	-	reference		-
	EVA	6(1.0)	1.50(0.61–3.66)	0.374	1.44(0.57–3.64)		0.443
Stroke	∆-age	130(2.3)	1.05(1.00–1.10)	0.034	1.05(1.00–1.10)		0.044
	SUPERNOVA	12(2.1)	1.07(0.59–1.96)	0.822	0.99(0.54–1.85)		0.987
	Normal VA	89(1.9)	reference	-	reference		-
	EVA	29(5.1)	2.14(1.40–3.27)	<0.001	2.08(1.33–3.24)		0.001

Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex; model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, current smoking, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, anti-hypertensive treatment, lipid-lowering treatment, hypoglycemic treatment, family history of cardiovascular disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate

baPWV brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, VA vascular age, HR hazard ratio, MACE a composite of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality, CVD cardiovascular disease, AMI acute myocardial infacrtion, ∆-age indicates the residuals by regressing vascular age on chronological age, SUPERNOVA supernormal vascular aging, normal VA normal vascular aging, EVA early vascular aging