Table 3.

Cox proportional hazards regression analyses for the association between cfPWV-based VA and the risk of cardiovascular events

Outcomes	VA Categories	Event n (%)	Model 1		Model 2
			HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
MACE	∆-age	173(3)	1.03(0.99–1.07)	0.097	1.02(0.98–1.06)	0.320
	SUPERNOVA	13(2.3)	0.77(0.43–1.37)	0.373	0.73(0.41–1.31)	0.295
	Normal VA	127(2.8)	reference	-	reference	-
	EVA	33(5.8)	1.56(1.06–2.30)	0.024	1.37(0.92–2.05)	0.122
CVD mortality	∆-age	21(0.4)	1.03(0.93–1.14)	0.564	0.99(0.89–1.11)	0.925
	SUPERNOVA	1(0.2)	0.47(0.06–3.56)	0.464	0.48(0.06–3.79)	0.488
	Normal VA	16(0.3)	reference	-	reference	-
	EVA	4(0.7)	1.28(0.42–3.87)	0.663	0.91(0.29–2.84)	0.872
AMI	∆-age	35(0.6)	1.01(0.93–1.10)	0.751	1.01(0.92–1.10)	0.902
	SUPERNOVA	4(0.7)	1.26(0.43–3.64)	0.673	1.14(0.38–3.36)	0.818
	Normal VA	25(0.5)	reference	-	reference	-
	EVA	6(1.0)	1.51(0.61–3.73)	0.369	1.33(0.52–3.37)	0.554
Stroke	∆-age	130(2.3)	1.04(0.99–1.08)	0.099	1.03(0.98–1.07)	0.262
	SUPERNOVA	9(1.6)	0.72(0.36–1.43)	0.344	0.67(0.33–1.35)	0.262
	Normal VA	95(2.1)	reference	-	reference	-
	EVA	26(4.5)	1.62(1.05–2.52)	0.031	1.44(0.92–2.27)	0.114

Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex; model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, current smoking, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, anti-hypertensive treatment, lipid-lowering treatment, hypoglycemic treatment, family history of cardiovascular disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate

cfPWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, VA vascular age, HR hazard ratio, MACE a composite of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death, CVD cardiovascular disease, AMI acute myocardial infacrtion, ∆-age indicates the residuals by regressing vascular age on chronological age, SUPERNOVA supernormal vascular aging, normal VA normal vascular aging, EVA early vascular aging