Table 2.
Physicochemical components of propolis
| Sample region | Bee species /Botanical source | Moisture (%) | Fat (%) | Fiber (%) | Carbohydrates (%) | Protein (%) | Ash (%) | Waxes (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portuguese propolis (Mirandela, Mogadouro, Nogueira, and Vinhais) |
- Populus sp., - Pinus sp. - Quercus sp. - Castanea sativa |
3.4–5.3 | – | – | – | – | 1.6–2.2 | 4.8–16 | [107] |
| Malaysian propolis | - Heterotrigona itama | 23.7 | 21.43 | 44.36 | 49.6 | 3.8 | 4.1 | – | [47] |
| - Geniotrigona thoracica | 9.9 | 73.4 | 67.4 | 8.4 | 2.1 | 5.9 | – | ||
| - Tetrigona apicalis | – | 42.3 | 9.1 | 0.62 | – | [98] | |||
| - Tetrigona binghami | 15.9 | – | – | 9.5 | 0.53 | – | |||
| - Heterotrigona fimbriata | 4.9 | - | – | 4.6 | 0.70 | – | |||
| Ethiopian propolis (Boji Dirmaji and, Fincha’a district | - Lauraceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae | 2.22–6.89 | – | – | – | – | 9.6–9.7 | 16.7 | [108] |
|
- Asteraceae - Apocynaceae - Rosaceae - Salicaceae |
1.12–2.29 | – | – | – | 2.74–2.84 | 14.7 | |||
| Brazil (Paraná state) | - Natura propolis | 7.4 | 23–25 | – | 28–32 | 2 | 34 | [109] | |
| Indonesia | - Trigona sp | 7.4–8.7 | 38.6–61.6 | 45–58 | 25–64 | 2–3 |
1.3 –3.4 |
– | [105] |
| Northern India | - Punjab Propolis | 4.8 | 53.6 | 3.1 | – | 9.4 | 3 | 22.9 | [110] |
| - Rajasthan Propolis | 5.1 | 54.5 | 2.5 | – | 8.7 | 3.7 | 21.3 | ||
| - Haryana Propolis | 6.2 | 56.6 | 2.2 | – | 8.3 | 4.7 | 20.6 | ||
| - Himachal Pradesh Propolis | 7.3 | 68.8 | 1.9 | – | 7.2 | 3.5 | 16.5 |