Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2025 Aug 22;6:1448174. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2025.1448174

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2025 Scalzo, Coker, Souders, Petrossian, Bhugra, Sheehan, Leuthardt and Carter.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Forest plot showing effect sizes and confidence intervals for various studies, labeled from Page, 2004 to Housman, 2009. The x-axis represents effect size from -8 to 8. The chart includes fixed and random effects models, with diamonds representing summary effects at zero. — Effect size with standardized inverse variance weight. The blue and red area indicates the fixed and random effect estimates.